LHCb has recently submitted a physics case for a an Upgrade II detector to begin operation in 2031. The upcoming upgrade stage is designed to run at instantaneous luminosities of 2$\times 10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, an order of magnitude above Upgrade I, and accumulate a sample of more than 300 fb$^{-1}$. At this intensity, the mean number of interactions per crossing would be 56, producing...
This work presents an innovative gamma-ray spectroscopic module that is based on a cylindrical 3”×3” codoped lanthanum bromide scintillator crystal (25 [ns] decay time, 73 [ph/keV]), optically coupled to a large array of 144 NUV-HD SiPMs, produced by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK, Italy) [1]. The array is made up of 9 tiles, each one counting 4×4 SiPMs. A 16-channel front-end Gain Amplitude...
The number of applications and technical implementations of X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCi) has continuously increased over the last two decades. As imaging detectors are insensitive to the phase of X-ray waves, various techniques were developed to transform sample-induced phase modulations into intensity modulations on the detector. For all these XPCi techniques the image formation...
Particle therapy is an established method to treat deep-seated tumours using accelerator-produced ion beams. For treatment planning, the precise knowledge of the stopping power (SP) within the patient is vital. Currently, SP values are extrapolated from X-ray CT, thus introducing conversion errors, eventually leading to uncertainties in the applied dose distribution. Using a proton computed...
Neutron detectors are an essential tool for the development of many research fields, as nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics as well as radiotherapy and radiation protection. Since neutrons cannot directly ionize, their detection is only possible via nuclear reactions with nuclei constituting the matter. In particular, the study of fast neutrons is often based on the neutron-proton...
High-sensitivity hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors can provide precise and wide-range spectrometric and directional information of energetic charged particles in mixed radiation fields. The high-granularity, small pixel size and integrated signal processing at the pixel level allow performing single-particle tracking with high-spatial resolution and spectral response. Through detailed...
In muon scattering tomography, the target materials are distinguished in accordance with the scattering angle through the process chain followed by the incoming muons within the investigated volume, and this scattering angle mainly depends on the atomic number, the density, and the thickness of the medium at a given energy value. The distinct values obtained for the scattering angle at...
New WidePIX camera assembled form 2x5 Medipix 3 chips is equipped with common monolithic 500 um thick silicon sensor. This monolithic sensor ensures uniform response of the camera thanks to the homogenous electric field, higher possible operation voltage which enables thicker sensor comparing with edgeless chips, which are used for large area detectors assembled from single chips [1]. Besides...
PET detectors based on monolithic crystals show better performance with respect to the ones based on pixellated crystals in terms of 2-D spatial resolution and depth-of-interaction estimation capabilities.
However, they need a long and complex calibration procedure to reach optimal performance and the best event positioning algorithms are too complex for a real-time implementation in a...
For the acquisition of the alpha particle distribution, two-dimensional photodetectors combined with a scintillator plate have been developed over the past years. The individual energies of the alpha-emitting radionuclides should be identified for the quantitative analysis. This can be done by the spectrometric method after energy and efficiency calibrations. In order to calibrate energy and...
The start of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in 2027 requires upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment. In the scope of the upgrade program the complete silicon tracking detector will be replaced until 2026. The new CMS tracker will be equipped with silicon pixel detectors in the inner layers closest to the interaction point and silicon strip detectors in the outer layers...
The BLEMAB project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through on-line Muon ABsorption measurements) [1], evolution of the previous Mu-Blast project [2], will investigate in detail the capability of muon radiography techniques, applied to the imaging a blast furnace inner zone. In particular, the geometry and size of the so called “cohesive zone”, i.e. the spatial zone where the slowly...
Carbon-ion therapy is a form of external-beam radiotherapy used for highly precise cancer treatment. The characteristic depth-dose deposition curve of carbon ions exhibits a large dose gradient at the end of the beam range, the so-called Bragg peak. The position of the Bragg peak in the tumour is sensitive to anatomical changes such as tumour shrinkage or cavity filling. Therefore, the...
Hybrid pixel detectors- Timepix are multi-parameter detectors that gives simultaneously information about the position, energy, and time of arrival of a particle hitting the detector. These types of multi-parameter detectors can be effectively used to study and/or reinvestigate some fission processes such as the rare fission modes (ternary, quaternary, quinary), which are planned. In the rare...
Characterization of primary and stray radiation produced in FLASH electron beams with Flex chip-assembly TimePIX3 pixel detectors
C. Bălan*,1, C. Oancea2, J. Pivec2, C. Granja2, J. Jakubek2, D. Chvatil3, V. Olsansky,3 V. Chiș1
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- ADVACAM, Prague, Czech Republic
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of...
We propose the use of double photon coincidence events resulting from cascade decay of certain radioactive nuclides to increase the signal to background ratio and its spatial resolution in a 3-D Compton imaging system. The Time-of-flight (TOF) technique could be applied to ensure a better image quality on the third direction with utilization of photon arrival time. Geant4 simulation is...
Abstract:
The Sodium Iodide with Active Background REjection (SABRE South) detector experiment (Figure 1) in Australia aims to direct dark matter detection, and its detector design includes numerous materials that will be in contact with the liquid scintillator over the uninterrupted multi-year operation for around 5 years [1, 2]. The light yield of the liquid scintillator is easily...
A new detector concept has been developed for a positron emission tomography (PET). This concept is similar to the one used for JPET [1], but there are some conceptual differences. The design of the gantry and the Monte Carlo Simulations are in progress. The basic idea is the axial orientation of the scintillators which are widely used in PET; namely LYSO (Lutetium–yttrium oxyorthosilicate)....
Introduction: Carbon-ion radiation therapy offers several advantages to treat deep-seated tumors compared to other radiation therapy with photons or protons. The focused depth dose deposition of carbon ions allows to cover with high doses the full tumor volume while minimizing the dose deposited in surrounding healthy tissues. However, this also leads to a higher sensitivity to anatomical...
To build a new CMS Phase II tracker system [1] in the framework of High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), more than ten thousand silicon strip modules have to be produced and tested. The Belgium production center at the IIHE, contributing to this collective task, has decided to build about 2000 dual silicon strip modules for one endcap of the outer silicon tracker. Integration centers in UCL (Belgium)...
K-Edge Subtraction (KES) imaging allows to quantify the presence of one or more contrast agents embedded within a matrix material, and it can be applied both in planar and tomographic configurations. KES signal derives from the sharp rise in the attenuation coefficient corresponding to the binding energy of the contrast element K-shell electrons. In its simplest formulation, KES consists in...
Compton imaging is one of promising imaging methods in nuclear medicine. This method is based on Compton kinematics [1] and can visualize a wide range of gamma-ray energy. Therefore, the multi-nuclide imaging capability of Compton imaging was reported in previous research [2]-[4]. A problem in multi-nuclide imaging is crosstalk artifacts on the reconstructed images of low-energy gamma-rays...
Muon radiography is an imaging technique used to study the interior of large scale natural and man-made objects with the naturally occurring muons from cosmic showers. This technique exploits the penetration capability of muons and the imaging is performed from the measurements of the absorption profiles of muons as they pass through matter. The MUon RAdiography of VESuvius (MURAVES) project...
Recent micro pattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs) have many readout channels for high-resolution imaging and large-area sensitivity. Reducing the circuit complexity while maintaining its performance is important for the readouts of large-scaled and high-resolution detectors.
The time-over-threshold (ToT) is a pulse processing technique which converts an analogue pulse height into a digital...
We examined the application of proton imaging [1] on thin samples at the proton and light-ion Tandetron accelerator [2] of the NPI-CAS in Rez near Prague. We make use of high-sensitivity hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors Medipix/Timepix equipped with integrated per-pixel signal processing electronics. We use the Timepix3 ASIC chip [3] equipped with a 500 µm Si sensor operated with the fast...
Timepix3 pixel detectors [1] have shown potential to contribute to a variety of fields. In particle tracking, their improved time and energy resolution, (1.56 ns and 2 keV at 60 keV, respectively) permits precise vertex determination and particle identification via stopping power [2]. Following previous studies of their 3D reconstruction capabilities [3,4], the presented work provides a...
In the presented work, the parameters of the new MAPD-3NM-II photodiode with the buried pixel structure manufactured by Zecotek Ph. were investigated. The following physical and electrical parameters were studied; current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics, dark count rate, photon detection efficiency, gain, the temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage, breakdown voltage, and...
We developed a Large-Area SiPM Pixels (LASiP) to use it in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT).
We present our results of a proof-of concept camera made of 4 LaSiPs prototypes, as well as simulations of the system to study the contribution of different types of LaSiP noise on the energy resolution and the impact of the pixel size, the pixel geometry and the noise on the...
Material decomposition in computed tomography is a method for differentiation and quantification of materials in a sample and utilises the energy dependence of the linear attenuation coefficient [1]. While in clinical applications, the x-ray spectrum is manipulated by changing the acceleration voltage between acquisitions [1], a photon-counting detector directly utilise the polychromatic...
Our group has been developing DPECT (Double Photon Emission CT) to enhance nuclear medicine diagnostics using cascade nuclides that emit multiple gamma rays simultaneously. It is possible to detect the local environment around the nuclide by examining the angular correlation of the emitted gamma rays. In this study, we investigated the effect of ultrasound to cascade gamma-ray emission and...
Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) based on filtered-backprojection (FBP) reconstruction requires a full field-of-view (FOV) scan and relatively dense projections, which results in high dose for medical imaging purposes. To overcome these difficulties, we investigated region-of-interest (ROI) DTS or interior DTS reconstruction where the x-ray beam span covers only a small ROI containing a target...
We present a method for material classifications in spectral X-ray Computed Tomography (SCT) using energy-resolved, photon-counting detectors (PCD), with which one can simultaneously measure the energy dependence of a linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of a material. The method uses a basis material decomposition taking advantage of the spectral LACs to estimate effective atomic number...
The MiniPIX TPX3 is a miniaturized, low-power radiation camera (see Fig. 1) based on the Timepix3 64k active pixel sensor, providing imaging, spectral and tracking information of individual particles in mixed-radiation fields. Timepix3 [1] is a high-granularity 256 × 256 pixel array of pitch 55 μm, with two per-pixel signal chain electronics. The hybrid architecture supports the use of...
In HL-LHC operation the instantaneous luminosity will reach unprecedented values, resulting in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. The current ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner Tracker (ITk). The innermost part of ITk will consist of a state-of-the-art pixel detector.
The individual modules of the ITk Pixel Detector...
Xenon TPCs with optical readout are being increasingly applied to rare event detection, in the important fields of cosmology and particle physics, e.g. dark matter search or neutrino physics studies such as double-beta decay, double electron capture and neutrino detection.
Through the years, it was assumed that secondary scintillation in noble gases was solely due to VUV emission from...
Nuclear waste monitoring and hazard detection software for Timepix3 detector network
Benedikt Bergmann1, Bartoloměj Biskup1, Petr Burian1,3, Petr Mánek1,2, Lukáš Meduna1,3,*
*1. Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Husova 240/5, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
2. Department of...
Organic crystalline, liquid and plastic scintillators with low Z number materials are commonly used to detect fast neutrons. These detectors are also sensitive to gamma rays by Compton scattering while measuring fast neutrons. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is used to distinguish between neutrons and gamma rays. To perform PSD, Charge Comparison method (or called Charge Integration method)...
The use of Computed Tomography at the micrometre scale (µCT) is becoming a viable solution in the field of virtual histology [1-2]. In principle, µCT can provide a complete three-dimensional visualization of histological specimens which can be virtually sliced at any point and in any direction. This, if not a diagnostic tool per se, can enable guided sectioning of tissues in histological...
Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) is a well-established multiplanar imaging technique that uses limited angular scanning to produce cross-sectional images of the scanned object with a moderate crossplane resolution. DTS images are typically reconstructed by using the computationally-cheap analytic filtered-backprojection (FBP) algorithm. This popular technique has been used in a variety of clinical...
Introduction
Astatine-211 is a promising radionuclide for targeted α-particle radiotherapy of cancers. It is required to image the distribution of targeted radiotherapeutic agents in a patient’s body before or during treatment for optimization of treatment strategies and determination of the suitability of a given agent for a particular patient [1]. Because the biodistribution of...
Major upgrades of the ALICE experiment are under way and will be completed during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 to start operation in 2022 for LHC Run 3. One key part of this upgrade is the new Inner Tracking System (ITS2), a full silicon-pixel detector constructed entirely with CMOS monolithic active pixel sensors. The upgraded ITS2 detector consists of three inner layers (50 $\mu m$ thick sensors)...
Photosynthate translocation from source leaves to sink organs directly affects dry matter accumulation there and promotes auxetic growth of the sink tissues. In particular, the photosynthate translocation to root tissue is an important physiological function that affects growth of roots and determines plant growth, yield and quality. It is essential to evaluate the dynamics of photosynthate...
In the new era of homeland security there is a growing concern regarding the possession and the potential use of radiological materials by terrorist groups usually in the form of a radiological dispersion device (RDD), also known as "dirty bomb". Since the defended areas from such a threat may not have specific entrance and exit points, the problem of how to localize a radioactive source in an...
I report the design and operation verification of two control systems for vertex detector dedicated for beam particle trajectory tracking. Both of the presented systems are designed to control and perform acquisition from the detector made of two layers of single photon counting hybrid pixel detectors (called later sensors). The alignment and synchronization of two sensors allows for particle...
Photodetectors used in nuclear medical imaging such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are an important element of radiation detection systems. Selecting the photodetector depends on many physical criteria including quantum efficiency (QE) and gain. The aim of this study is to apply multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to...
Virtual clinical trials in x-ray breast imaging permit to compare different technical solutions and imaging modalities (2D vs 3D) at reduced costs related to apparatus management and involved personnel, and at reduced times and radiation risks to patients [1,2]. For a fair in-silico reproduction of clinical images, the patient models [3] and the simulated physics assume great importance. In...
Muons reach the surface of the earth with an approximately constant flux and deviate their trajectory when crossing matter. These deviations can be measured in order to obtain information or density maps about the inner state of preferably dense and big objects. Previous work done by the company Muon Systems, presenting the capacity of Muon Radiography to help in industrial problems can be...
All horse ridden disciplines result in stresses to both bony and soft tissue structures, with many breeds, in particular Western performance horses,experiencing extreme forces on the structures of the lower limb whilst executing transitions such as a tight turn or rapid acceleration. Lameness
subsequent to distal limb injury is common to both the performance and pleasure horse, resulting in...
High-mountain scientific researches in the field of high energies are being carried out at the Tien Shan High Altitude Scientific Station (TSHASS) in collaboration with al-Farabi Kazakh National University. The interest in these studies is mainly connected with two insufficiently studied directions, which can significantly change the interpretation of the spectrum of cosmic rays not only in...
Dual-energy (DE) chest x-rays (CXRs) provide the ability to selectively imaging two relevant materials, soft tissue and bone structures, to better characterize various chest pathologies and potentially improve diagnosis of CXRs. Recently deep-learning-based image synthesis techniques have attracted much attention as another approach to replace exist DE methods (i.e., dual-exposure based,...
The CMS experiment will exploit the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology for the first time during the next LHC run. These detectors will work with Ar/CO2 (70/30) gas mixture at an effective gas gain of around 2×104. Maintain the gas mixture quality and concentration is fundamental for the safe and correct operation of such gaseous detectors. An Ar concentration 1% higher or lower will...
At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) where the accident occurred due to large tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011, it is important to understand and visualize the distribution of radioactive substances in order to reduce exposure dose of workers and to establish decontamination plans.
We focused on the importance of visualizing beta-emitting...
