To simulate the non-linear evolution in ECRIS more accurately, Particle-in-cell (PIC) method is preferred as it takes both plasma collective feedbacks and particle kinetic effects into account. To ensure the convergence of PIC simulation, a set of rigorous stability conditions must be satisfied. It will be agreed that achieving an ECRIS simulation from the start-up to a stable CW operation is...
Faraday shield(FS) is a metallic shield with slits through which electromagnetic energy is coupled into cylindrical ICP sources. Thus, the effect of FS on the RF power coupling is important to the RF ion sources for fusion[1-2]. Based on the electromagnetic models considering only plasma[3] or FS[4], a 2D model considering both FS and plasma is proposed in this contribution. A long copper FS...
The RadioFrequency Quadrupole Direct Injection Project (RFQ-DIP) uses a filament-driven multicusp ion source to produce H2+. A Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) injects the beam from the ion source into the RFQ. The LEBT shapes the beam to the optimum input Twiss parameters for transmission through the RFQ while minimizing the emittance. The LEBT system has been designed...
$^{39}$Ar is a dispensable isotope in the research of climate and geology change of the earth with water or glacier dating in the range of 50~1000 years. But the very low abundance of 39Ar in the sample has made this technology hard to be widely used. We have successful developed a $^{39}$Ar enrichment system that can enhance the abundance of $^{39}$Ar in the enriched sample by a factor of...
Behavior of an electron beam with elliptical cross-section in longitudinal magnetic field is studied. This study may be important to predict the conditions of the ion beam formation in the ion sources like EBIS and ISIS with electron beams shaped as elliptical. The coupling of the particle oscillations in the solenoids changes the beam characteristics that may affect the area of the ion...
Major issue toward stable and high power negative ion beams for ITER and JT-60SA is that a meniscus shape which dominates the negative ion beam trajectory is not sufficiently understood, and consequently, power deposition has not been correctly simulated. As a challenge to understand the meniscus inside an aperture with 14 mm in diameter, a laser Thomson scattering system, which has been...
Beam focusing is an important issue for application of negative ion beams. In particular, the beam focusing of RF type negative ion source for ITER has been intensively studied. Recently, the plasma fluctuation in the negative ion source is recognized to be able to affect the beam focusing.
In this study, the sheath stability was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is found...
CERN’s H- Ion source is being operated at the new 160 MeV linear injector of CERN’s accelerator complex. The source’s plasma is of the RF-ICP type without magnetic cusp and runs under Cs-loss compensations. Filter- and e-dump magnetic fields generate a horizontal asymmetry. The H- beam is generated via volume and caesiated plasma surface modes, the latter inducing a radial current density...
Hydrogen plasma characterization was carried out in a large volume (dia~ 1.0 m, h~ 1.0 m) plasma chamber to evaluate efficacy of production of uniform, large-area H- beam for fusion applications. Up to seven Compact ECR Plasma Sources (CEPS; Indian Patent #301583, Patentee: IIT Delhi) can be mounted on the top dome of the chamber (one in center and six on a ~60 cm dia circle). Axially poled...
For simple applications, such as the calibration of a charged particle detector, a multi-MeV proton generator may be preferable to cyclotrons or electrostatic accelerators such as Van de Graaff generator. Thus, a compact proton generating system, consisting of NANOGAN$^\textsf{TM}$ and a deuterated polyethylene target, was developed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics at Osaka...
A study of hydrogen isotope effects on the negative ion source supports to development of the deuterium negative ion source based on the hydrogen negative ion source for the neutral beam injector. Comparison experiments between hydrogen and deuterium have been performed with the NIFS-RNIS on the NIFS-NBTS where low voltage can be applied on the extraction grid (extraction grid bias) in...
The multi-ion radiotherapy with dose distribution and Liner Energy Transfer optimization is being studied at QST. Helium, carbon, oxygen and neon ions are considered as ion species for multi-ion therapy. Requirement values of beam current were 940 µA correspond to He$^2$+, 290 µA to C$^4$+, 330 µA to O$^6$+, and 245 µA to Ne7+, respectively. We performed some beam tests for design of a new...
At present it is necessary the satellite lifetime 10-15 years for operate in space. Xenon is used as fuel for ion engines of satellites. There are problems of accumulated damages at irradiation and sputtering by low energy Xe ion from the engine. It is required to construct experimentally sputtering yield of ion beams in the low energy region from several hundred eV to 1keV. We are trying to...
A new source for the TANDEM accelerator of LNS has been designed and installed. It is called NESTOR (Noble Elements Source for acceleraTORs) and consists of an ultra-compact ECR ion source operating at about 6 GHz, up to 40 W of RF power provided by a solid state power amplifier, coupled to a Li-Charge Exchange Cell (Li-CEC). It is engineered for the production of a wide range of $1^+$ and/or...
MYRRHA is the world’s first large-scale Accelerator Driven System project at power levels scalable to industrial systems. ISOL@MYRRHA will produce Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) with the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique, with production increase by high intensity primary beams on long period while aiming at keeping the secondary beam quality.
Higher flux prevalently affects...
Neutral beam injection is one of the main auxiliary heating methods in Tokamak nuclear fusion device. At present, the calorimeter with thermocouples is used for beam diagnostics, but it can not meet the requirement of high-precision real-time measurement of NBI system at Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) under long pulse operation in the future. In order to meet the...
The ion source based on rep-rate pulsed high power CO2 laser is described. Principle scheme and output characteristics of the laser system are presented in the paper. Laser power density at illuminated target and possibilities of generating multicharged ions from elements of different mass are estimated.
A new High-Temperature Superconducting ECR (HTS-ECR) ion source is under development in Research Center for Nuclear Physics(RCNP), Osaka University, for production of high intensity proton, deuteron and helium ion beams. The HTS-ECR magnets are composed of three solenoid coils and a set of sextuple coils made of REBCO high-temperature superconductor. The HTS-ECR ion source was designed to...
At RIKEN, a transportable accelerator compact neutron source (RANS-III) is under development for non-destructive inspection of the degradation of old concrete and reinforcing steel on site. RANS-III is applied to bridges and other structures. The 500 MHz radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator (linac) used as a RANS-Ⅲ accelerator. As a proton ion source for RANS-III, we developed a...
In the ion source, various factors such as the plasma state, the current of the beam transport electromagnet, etc. influence each other. Therefore, when operating the ion source, it is necessary to adjust various parameters such as RF power, gas flow, current of the electromagnet on the beamline, etc. each time. At present, it is difficult to control the plasma state accurately, and this...
An upgrade of the electron beam ion source, called ExtendedEBIS, is under progress at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The ExtendedEBIS has two superconducting solenoids in series to transport the electron beam. We develop an electron beam detector installed between the solenoids. The detector is two-sided. Each side has 4 quadrant plates with an aperture slightly larger than the electron beam...
Experiments have been performed to study the effects of axial magnetic field on plasma and ion beam parameters in a magnetic multipole line cusp ion source. Studies performed on ring cusp and Kaufmann type ion sources suggest that the axial component of magnetic field helps in improving the ion extraction current at low discharge power. The line cusps ion sources have been used since long to...
TPDsheet-U[1] has been designed to research behaviors of the negative hydrogen ions (H${^−}$) in the high-density sheet-plasma, which is optimized for volume production. Also, H${^−}$ is produced by volume production at periphery of sheet plasma.[2] The reduction of the electron co-extraction is an essential issue for all negative-ion sources. We are currently researching the extraction system...
The GTS-LHC 14.5 GHz ECR ion source provides the ion beam, which after acceleration in the ion injector complex, is injected into the LHC, or sent to fixed target experiments at CERN. Several experiments have been performed on the source. A moveable extraction system has been installed to allow adjustment of the electric field at the source extraction; the stainless-steel plasma chamber has...
The Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is a high intensity D+ linear accelerator; demonstrator of the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF). In summer 2019 the IFMIF/EVEDA Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerated its nominal 125 mA deuteron (D+) beam current up to 5 MeV, with 90% transmission for pulses of 1 ms at 1 Hz. This success was possible thanks to an...
The supply of high-flux proton and carbon ions are required for applications such as accelerator-driven neutron sources and heavy ion radiotherapy. So far, it is shown that a laser ion sources using the target of plastics made of hydrocarbons can provide protons and carbon ions. On the other hand, due to the damege of the target by laser irradiation, it is necessary to change the laser...
The ECR negative ion source “Prometheus I” is operated either with high purity H$_2$ ($>$ 99.999\%) or $D_2$ $>$ 99.8\%) in order to probe H$^-$ and D$^-$ ions, respectively, and examine the effect of the isotope upon their production. These ions are predominantly formed in the plasma bulk by dissociative attachment of low-energy (cold) electrons to highly ro-vibrationally excited molecules...
At present,the ECR ion source is developing towards higher frequency,higher magnetic field technologies.However,18 GHz is the highest optimal operation microwave frequency for room temperature ECR ion sources,which can meet the needs of most of the existing heavy ion facilities.After the success of the 18 GHz ECR ion source LECR4,we developed the upgraded version source LECR5 aiming for higher...
In most of proton accelerator facilities, H- ion sources with driving 2-MHz RF amplifiers for plasma production generate high-intensity H- beams. Because of the high plasma density in the ion source, the potential of the sheath adjacent to the plasma electrode may be oscillated with the RF driving frequency. We showed a low frequency oscillation of the beam current (AIP CP, 2011, 080016...
Several ISOL facilities are using the FEBIAD ion source to produce a large variety of radioactive ion beams. SPIRAL1 at GANIL has been using this source coupled with a carbon target for 8 years with issues regarding ionization efficiency, stability and operating time. Conclusions of in-depth tests and analysis of the target and ion source system conducted in 2020 are reported. They show that...
High intensity afterglow beams have been produced with SECRAL-II ion source under double frequency heating (24 + 18 GHz) recently. At a total microwave heating power of up to 8 kW, high intensity ion beams such as 266 eμA of Xe34+ and 169 eμA of Xe38+ have been produced. In this experiment, we have tried high power double frequency heating, and also changing of the temporal synchronization...
Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) has wide applications such as cancer therapy and material synthesis. We have constructed a single ECRIS capable of producing various ions with low to high mass/charge ratio, and have been conducting various experiments. In this study, we focus on the efficient production of multicharged ions and aim at increase their ion beam currents by the new...
Electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) has been constructed for producing various ion beams (e.g. iron-endohedral fullerene) in Osaka Univ. We hope that it can become a universal source capable for producing ions with wide range of mass/charge ratio (m/q). Low-voltage extraction is required for ions with large m/q ratio and we investigated the beam characteristics at low extraction...
In order to increase intensities and charge states of available ion species, a new room-temperature ECR Ion Source (ECRIS) operating at 18 GHz is currently under development at GSI. The new ECRIS is based on a Heavy Ion Ion Source Injector (HIISI), developed at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL), and features three normal conducting coils and a permanent magnet hexapole...
Characteristics of ions in the laser plasma depend mainly on laser parameters as well as the background environment. Confinement of the plume promotes collisions within the plasma. When the target is repeatedly ablated at the same region, the target forms a hole. When the plasma production is initiated in the deep cavity, the expansion of the plasma plume is effectively constrained. Ion...
A new resistive oven dedicated to the production of metal ion beams using ECR ion sources has been developed at GANIL [1]. It aims to produce beams such as $^{58}$Niq+, $^{50}$Tiq+, $^{50}$V q+ or $^{238}$U q+ with ECR4 ion source on cyclotrons injectors and with Phoenix V3 ion source on Spiral 2 facility. Typical intensity about 1.2E13 pps is requested for the Super Separator Spectrometer...
We present here the modelling of the concept of Self Confining Radioactive Ion Target (SCRIT) [1] using an approach similar to what is traditionally applied for the evolution of charge state population in Electron Beam Ion Sources [2]. Critical parameters in this modelling have been found to be:
- the charge breeding cross sections, not well known at the high electron beam energies used for...
The «Kryon-2» (Electron Beam Iion Source - EBIS) ion source has been upgraded. A new electron collector designed to work with an electron beam with an intensity of up to 0.5 A and an accelerating voltage of up to 20 kV has been developed. At the same time, the ability to operate the source in the reflective mode is preserved. Cryogenic tests of semiconductor silicon detectors in a magnetic...
Sequences of hydrogen (H2) and deuterium (D2) experiments have been done by NIFS research and development negative ion source (RNIS) up to now. In the experiments, the co-extracted electron current with the negative ions in the D2 experiment has been around three times higher than the current in the H2 experiment. The electron density in the source chamber has been also higher in the D2...
As a diagnostic tool for electron transports in H- ion source plasmas, we have been trying to realize a low-energy electron gun which can be installed inside H- sources and can work even at areas which are very close to or inside hydrogen ion source plasmas. We reported in the previous conference that our prototype gun generated 0.04 mA/cm2 as the maximum beam current density at 1 eV beam...
An Allison type emittance scanner has recently been installed in SPIDER, the full scale prototype of the negative ion source for ITER neutral beam injectors. The diagnostic is able to measure the phase-space distribution of the ion source beamlets, allowing to determine the emittance and Twiss parameters of the extracted beam. Their dependence on machine parameters is investigated,...
A laser ion source, one of the high-current ion sources, uses ablation plasma generated by irradiating a solid target with a pulsed laser. To use industrial applications with the laser ion source, a large number of ions should be provided. Since recent pulse laser systems have high repetition rates above 1 kHz, we study the effect of plasma dynamics on the repeating plasma generation. A target...
Positive-ion mass spectrometry (PIMS) is a positive-to-negative ion conversion metrology instead of traditional accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on high-precision radiocarbon dating. To demonstrate the probability of PIMS with a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source, an experiment was launched at Peking University (PKU). A compact permanent magnet 2.45 GHz ECR ion source is designed to produce carbon...
Plasma parameters of an ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) discharge excited in a compact (5 cm diameter, 3.3 cm long inner volume) ion source with the replaceable plasma electrode (PE) were measured with a Langmuir probe. A plasma electrode (PE) made of a C12A7 “electride” constituted with $^{12}$Ca$^{O}$ and 7Al2O3 supplied by AGC Inc., was installed to investigate how the electride PE...
The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory paused production of carbon-14 ion beams with the removal of the Tandem Van de Graaff in 2013. Installation of ECR3, an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source, returned that production capability to ATLAS, with the first C-14 beam delivered in December 2020. Information is presented on C-14 beam current, gas...
Radioactive molecular ions (RMI) are made in hot-cavity targets of isotope separation on-line (ISOL) facilities like TRIUMF following fission, fragmentation or spallation. However extreme conditions in targets (high temp, bad vacuum, radiation fields, chemical/isobar impurities, energy ranges, uncontrolled reaction kinetics) are formidable unsolved challenges to efficient production and...
For potential applications in compact hadron therapy facilities and accelerator-based neutron sources, the production of proton and lithium ions with the laser ion source was investigated. Proton beams were produced from a compressed titanium hydride powder target. The TOF signals were measured by a 90° cylindrical Electrostatic Ion Analyzer. The comparison between the FC and TOF signals...
We are proposing inverse kinematic pulsed neutron production with linear accelerators and a laser ion source. The inverse kinematic scenario is to use a lithium driver beam instead of a conventional proton beam and is effective to mitigate undesired radiation emission and provide highly directed neutron flux. To demonstrate the capability of intense neutron flux, we build a new front end of...
A self-consistent Monte Carlo model to simulate electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) plasma is presented. It computes the species’ spatial and energy distribution in the whole chamber in a three-dimensional mesh. A number of electrons and ions are propagated independently considering the static magnetic field and injected microwave field. The species trajectories populate the mesh...
The formation of laser plasma ion fluxes by axially symmetric magnetic fields is studied. As a result of computer and physical experiments, the possibility of obtaining ion packets based on a laser - plasma source with parameters that ensure their effective capture in a linear accelerator with high frequency focusing is shown.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University is nearing completion. In some cases, the RIB rates at FRIB are expected to exceed 10$^{10}$ particles/s. The ReA EBIT charge breeder operates with an electron-beam current of 300 – 600 mA for a density of 170 – 340 A/cm$^2$. This current corresponds to a maximum capacity of 10$^{10}$ elementary charges, which can be...
Highly charged ions (HCIs) can increase precision in Penning trap mass measurements significantly, due to their higher charge state. At the TITAN facility at TRIUMF, an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) provides radioactive HCIs for this purpose. To improve the electron beam properties and its control, a new electron gun is under development.
The electron gun within its TITAN EBIT environment...
The space charge effect is one of the key factors affecting ion beam transport and ion beam quality, especially for low-energy high-intensity ion beams. It can be partially compensated by the secondary electrons produced from the ionization of residual gas molecules in the beam pipe, and we are interested in the accurate value of this compensation degree. In this paper, we use a Three-grid...
Negative ion beams of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) are applied for heating and current drive in fusion plasmas as neutral beam injection. Comparing with H, the extraction of D$^-$ ion beam accompanies higher co-extracted electron current. It is expected that the higher electron current is originated with the flow of electrons toward a plasma-grid (PG) aperture in the source plasma....
The Beijing Radioactive ion beam facility Isotope Separator On-Line（BRISOL）is a radioactive ion beam facility based on a 100 MeV cyclotron providing 200 μA proton beam bombarding the thick target to produce radioactive nuclei, which are transferred into an ion source to produce singly charged ion beams. A FEBIAD ion source with MgO target are successful used to the first physics experiments,...
The GTS ion source, operated at 14.5 GHz, provides multiply charge heavy ion beams for the ARIBE facility at GANIL. The facility variety is limited by the efficiency of the extraction especially in the few keV domain. In order to improve the ion source, the extraction system was upgraded numerically. The shape of the plasma and the puller electrodes was changed. It causes the increase of the...
In this work is calculated a probability of negative ionization of hydrogen, deuterium, tritium, muonium and positronium particles on metal surfaces with low work function, which is an important for the field of the surface plasma negative ion sources. We present the theoretical model for the computer calculation of the negative ionization probability of these particles. These particles have...
A Penning Ion Source test stand has been developed by D-Pace to characterize alpha ion extraction from a helium discharge with variations in: extraction potential up to 15 kV, gas flow rate up to 30 sccm, and magnetic field confinement up to 1.1 Tesla. A brief summary of the Penning Ion Source design is described. Extraction of ions leads to severe sparking on the HV insulator due to ExB...
