8th CYGNUS Workshop on Directional Recoil Detection

11 Dec 2023, 08:00 → 15 Dec 2023, 19:00 Australia/Sydney

Slade Lecture Theatre (School of Physics)

Ciaran O'Hare (Sydney)

We invite you to join us in Sydney, Australia for the 8th edition of the international CYGNUS Workshop on Directional Recoil Detection.

Location: Slade Lecture Theatre, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia

When: 11th - 15th December 2023

Conference fee: Free!

Note: If your receive any emails offering you hotels or accommodation for the event, e.g. from "Global Travel Experts" please ignore it - this is a well-known scam targeting registrants to Indico events.

The aim of CYGNUS 2023 is to bring together experimentalists and theorists interested in developing detectors with the capability of detecting the directions of recoiling particles, especially for low-energy applications. The scientific scope of the workshop is broad and will cover applications from across particle physics, astroparticle physics, and nuclear physics. Some of the specific topics that will be captured by the workshop include:  

• Directional detection of dark matter
• Directional neutrino detection
• Directional neutron detection
• Gas TPCs and MPGDs
• Novel directional detection technologies
• Recoil simulation tools
• Detection of rare nuclear decays

The programme will consist of five days of keynote and contributed talks. All days will be scheduled into plenary (rather than parallel) sessions, and time will be devoted to allow for extended discussions. Abstract submission is open now.

Previous editions of the CYGNUS workshop series: 

• CYGNUS 2015: http://cygnus2015.com 
• CYGNUS 2017: http://www.tir.tw/conf/cygnus2017/
• CYGNUS 2019: https://agenda.infn.it/event/18542/

 

Monday, 11 December

09:00 Arrival

11:30 Registration

12:00 Lunch

1 Introduction

Speaker: Ciaran O'Hare (Sydney)

intro.pdf

2 Overview of dark matter

Overview of dark matter

Speaker: Prof. Nicole Bell (The University of Melbourne)

CYGNUS_workshop_Bell_2023.pdf

3 Direct detection experiments

Direct detection experiments

Speaker: Theresa Fruth (University of Sydney)

Cygnus_DirectDetection_Fruth.pdf

4 Overview of directional recoil detection

Overview of directional recoil detection

Speaker: Sven Vahsen (University of Hawaii (US))

CYGNUS_SYDNEY_2023_vahsen_nobackup.pdf

CYGNUS_SYDNEY_2023_vahsen_nobackup.pptx

15:30 Coffee break

5 NEWAGE / CYGNUS-KM

Overview, recent results, R&D activities, and futre plans of NEWAGE and CYGNUS-KM will be presented.

Speaker: Prof. Kentaro Miuchi (Kobe University)

miuchi_202312_CYGNUS_wbu.pdf

miuchi_202312_CYGNUS_wbu.pptx

17:00 Discussion

Tuesday, 12 December

6 Neutrinos

Neutrinos

Speaker: Louis Strigari (Texas A&M)

cygnus_2023.pdf

7 The COHERENT Experiment

The COHERENT collaboration was the first to observe coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN, USA) in 2017. The SNS is a pulsed pion decay-at-rest neutrino source with a well-known spectrum of low-energy neutrinos.

Today, the collaboration operates several detectors measuring CEVNS and neutrino-charged-current interactions across various target nuclei. This point source of low-energy neutrinos, and the proposed second target station at the SNS, provide exciting opportunities for potential new detectors that could employ directional detection techniques.

This talk will focus on the past, present, and future of COHERENT.

Speaker: Charles Prior (Duke University)

CYGNUS_2023_final_public.pdf

10:30 Coffee break

8 NR Tracking in Argon/Noble gases

Speaker: Prof. David Caratelli (UC Santa Barbara)

CARATELLI_CYGNUS_2023.pdf

9 Ion transport in liquid argon

Speaker: Xiao Luo (Univ. of California Santa Barbara (US))

CYGNUS_XL.pdf

12:30 Lunch

10 The Migdal effect

The Migdal effect

Speaker: Jayden Newstead (University of Melbourne)

Migdal_CYGNUS_meeting_JLN.pdf

11 MIGDAL

Update on the MIGDAL experiment

Speaker: Dinesh Loomba

CYGNUS_Migdal_12Dec2023upload.pdf

15:30 Coffee break

12 The Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory or The Hunt for Dark Matter in a Gold Mine

Speaker: Zuzana Slavkovska (Australian National University)

Zuzana_8th_Cygnus_Workshop_2023.pdf

13 CYGNUS-Oz

Speakers: Ferdos Dastgiri, Gregory John Lane (Australian National University (AU)), Lachlan McKie (Australian National University), Dr Lindsey Bignell (Department of Nuclear Physics and Accelerator Applications, The Australian National University)

CYGNUS-Oz_Lindsey.pdf

17:00 Discussion

Wednesday, 13 December

14 CYGNO-LIME

Speaker: Stefano Piacentini

CYGNUS_LIME.pdf

15 Towards CYGNO04

We will present the progress of the CYGNO04 project, the technical choices made based on budget constraints, and the selected site for installing the detector. The current detector layout will be illustrated along with descriptions of the chosen cathode, field cage, gas vessel, charge amplification device, and light sensors. Additionally, we will provide an update on the development of essential services and infrastructures, including the DAQ, Online Analysis, gas system, and computing infrastructure. These components are crucial for the operation of CYGNO04 and are currently undergoing testing with LIME at LNGS.

Speaker: Giovanni Mazzitelli

Towards CYGNO04.pdf

16 Optical negative ion drift operation at atmospheric pressure

Speaker: Prof. Elisabetta Baracchini (Gran Sasso Science Institute)

Baracchini_CYGNUS_workshop_NID_Dec_2023_Sydney.pdf

10:30 Coffee break

17 Detector R&D with Negative Ion Mixtures

Negative ion (NI) gas mixtures offer many benefits for directional detection, including low (near-thermal) diffusion and the possibility of adding spin-dependent targets for dark matter (DM) searches. However, the unforeseen benefit of multiple NI species allowing for fiducialization of the drift coordinate in time projection chambers (TPCs) might allow for uses beyond directional detection. We will present some gaseous detector R&D results from an argon-SF6 mixture, and discuss plans to identify NI species suitable for use in liquid-media TPCs.

Speaker: Thomas Nathan Thorpe (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

thorpe_cygnus_2023.pdf

18 CYGNUS Hawaii: Recent Detector R&D and machine learning results

Speaker: Majd Ghrear

final_CYGNUS_workshop.pdf

19 CYGNUS Hawaii: Recent simulations and measurements of MPGD avalanche gain

Speaker: Michael Litke (University of Hawaii)

Litke Cygnus workshop 2023.pptm

12:30 Lunch

14:00 Optional excursion

Thursday, 14 December

20 A progress report on development of Multi-layer THGEM readout structures

Speaker: Dr Marco Cortesi (Facility for Rare Isotope Beams)

cortesi_Dec_13.pdf

21 Progress Towards Directional Detection of Dark Matter using Spectroscopy of Quantum Defects in Diamond

Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been identified as a promising future platform for directional detection of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter. A WIMP particle induces nuclear recoil in the diamond, resulting in a direction-dependent sub-micron damage track. This damage track induces crystal stress variations which shift the energy levels of NV centers, enabling localization of the track through spectroscopic interrogation. Subsequently, further nanoscale characterizations to determine the length and direction of the track can be performed. Thus, this method is capable of distinguishing WIMP-induced tracks from tracks produced by known sources, providing a strategy to overcome the background solar neutrino problem. In this talk, I will present an overview of the proposed detection method as well as recent experimental progress in our group towards demonstrating the required imaging techniques, such as high precision strain mapping using quantum interferometry and x-ray diffraction microscopy.

Speaker: Dr Daniel Ang (University of Maryland)

Daniel Ang (CYGNUS 2023) - directional DM detection with diamond.pdf

Daniel Ang (CYGNUS 2023) - directional DM detection with diamond.pptx

10:30 Coffee break

22 Development of directional dark matter detector with anisotropic ZnWO4 scintillator

The ZnWO4 crystal has been noted for its directional dependence in scintillation light output based on crystal orientation. Consequently, we are actively developing a direction-sensitive dark matter detector that utilizes this anisotropic response of ZnWO4 crystals.

In this presentation, we will share our findings from the measurement of the quenching factor and the anisotropic response of ZnWO4 crystals using a mono-energetic neutron source provided by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Japan. Our discussion will encompass the relationship between scintillation decay time constants and scintillation anisotropy. Additionally, we will present the results of our assessment of radiation impurities in a 2" crystal and estimate the sensitivity of the (currently directionally insensitive) dark matter search.

Speaker: Hiroyuki Sekiya

Cygnus2023-ZnWO4_Sekiya.pdf

23 Status of the NEWSdm experiment

The recent progress of the NEWSdm experiment will be reported.

Speaker: Takashi Asada (Universita Federico II e INFN Sezione di Napoli (IT))

2023-12-14_CYGNUS2023_Status of the NEWSdm experiment_.pdf

24 Environmental neutron measurement at the Gran Sasso laboratory in the NEWSdm experiment

The NEWSdm experiment is designed to search for dark matter with directional sensitivity at the Gran Sasso laboratory. Nano Imaging Tracker (NIT) used in the NEWSdm experiment is a super-high resolution nuclear emulsion detector. This extremely high spatial resolution makes NIT the unique solid tracking detector capable of determining the direction of nuclei with a track length of 100 nm, equivalent to several tens of keV in energy.
In parallel with the dark matter search, we are progressing neutron measurements targeting hydrogen in NIT itself. An automatic readout system has been well established that is capable of acquiring 3-dimensional vector for recoil protons above 100 keV. Neutron spectra measurements including sub-MeV region have been performed at the Gran Sasso laboratory, and we will report on the status of these measurements.

Speaker: Takuya Shiraishi (Kanagawa University)

CYGNUS2023_shiraishi.pdf

CYGNUS2023_shiraishi.pptx

12:30 Lunch

25 Characterization of low-energy Argon recoils with the ReD experiment

The Recoil Directionality project (ReD) within the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration aims to characterize the response of an argon dual-phase Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to neutron-induced nuclear recoils (NRs) and to measure the charge yield for low-energy recoils. This measurement is crucial to improve the sensitivity of future low-mass studies. The charge yield is a critical parameter for the experiments searching for dark matter in the form of low-mass WIMPs and measurements in Ar below 10 keV are scarce in the literature. ReD was designed to cover this gap, by irradiating a miniaturized TPC with neutrons produced by an intense Cf252 fission source, to generate Ar recoils in the energy range of interest. Data were collected during the Winter of 2023 at the INFN Sezione di Catania. The energy of the nuclear recoils produced within the TPC by (n,n’) scattering was determined by detecting the outgoing neutrons by a neutron spectrometer made of 18 plastic scintillators. The neutron kinetic energy was evaluated event-by-event by using a time-of-flight approach. The ionization signal was measured for Ar recoils down to 2 keV.

Speaker: Paul Zakhary (AstroCeNT, CAMK, PAN)

Zakhary_Cf252.pdf

26 Directional dark matter searches using levitated optomechanics

Levitated optomechanics provides a novel platform to test fundamental physics. One such application provides a unique directional dark matter direct detection technique to explore alternative parameter space to that being investigated by large scale experiments deployed underground. We present progress towards an experiment built at University College London, capable of resolving collisions in all three dimensions, utilising nanoparticles (10$^{-18}$ kg) for composite dark matter searches in the 10 MeV – 10 GeV mass range. We detail the theoretical calculations, experimental apparatus, data analysis framework and statistical inference that we aim to use to obtain results competitive with world-leading dark matter constraints. In addition, we present first results from impulse calibrations of the setup, directly demonstrating its directional force sensing capability.

Speaker: Robert James (The University of Melbourne)

CYGNUS.pdf

27 Anomaly aware machine learning for dark matter direct detection at DARWIN

This talk presents a novel approach to dark matter direct detection using anomaly-aware machine learning techniques in the DARWIN next-generation dark matter direct detection experiment. I will introduce a semi-unsupervised deep learning pipeline that falls under the umbrella of generalized Simulation-Based Inference (SBI), an approach that allows one to effectively learn likelihoods straight from simulated data, without the need for complex functional dependence on systematics or nuisance parameters. I also present an inference procedure to detect non-background physics utilizing an anomaly function derived from the loss functions of the semi-unsupervised architecture. The pipeline's performance is evaluated using pseudo-data sets in a sensitivity forecasting task, and the results suggest that it offers improved sensitivity over traditional methods.

Speaker: Andre Joshua Scaffidi

CYGNUS_Workshop_Andre.pdf

15:30 Coffee break

28 Development of a versatile TPC for neutron-induced reactions studies at the SARAF TOF facility.

We present the research plans on the development an Optical Time Projection Chamber (O-TPC) - a multi-purpose gaseous radiation-detector system, as part of the SARAF infrastructure. SARAF Phase II accelerator will provide unique capabilities for neutron-induced reactions, offering intense primary beams for high neutron flux, and tunable neutron energy.

Speaker: Dr Maryna Borysova (Weizmann Institute of Science & KINR, NAS of Ukraine)

oTPCatSARAF_CYGNUS.pdf

29 Gas Gains Over 10⁴ in Low Pressure SF₆ with a Novel Multi-Mesh ThGEM for Directional Dark Matter Searches

The Negative Ion Drift (NID) gas SF₆ has favourable properties for track reconstruction in directional Dark Matter (DM) searches utilising low pressure gaseous Time Projection Chambers (TPCs). However, the electronegative nature of the gas means that it is more difficult to achieve significant gas gains with regular Thick Gaseous Electron Multipliers (ThGEMs). Typically, the maximum attainable gas gain in SF₆ and other Negative Ion (NI) gas mixtures is on the order of 10³; whereas electron drift gases like CF₄ and similar mixtures are readily capable of reaching gas gains on the order of 10⁴ or greater. In this talk, a novel two stage Multi-Mesh ThGEM (MMThGEM) structure is presented. The MMThGEM was used to amplify charge liberated by an ⁵⁵Fe X-ray source in 40 Torr of SF₆. By expanding on previously demonstrated results, the device was pushed to its sparking limit and stable gas gains up to ∼50000 were observed. The device was further optimised by varying the field strengths of both the collection and transfer regions in isolation. Following this optimisation procedure, the device was able to produce a maximum stable gas gain of ∼90000. These results demonstrate an order of magnitude improvement in gain with the NID gas over previously reported values and ultimately benefits the sensitivity of a NITPC to low energy recoils in the context of a directional DM search.

Speaker: Alasdair McLean (University of Sheffield)

CYGNUS_Workshop_SF6_Gain_McLean.pdf

30 Molecular sieve vacuum swing adsorption purification and radon reduction system for gaseous dark matter and rare-event detectors

SF6 has become of interest as a negative ion drift gas for use in directional dark matter searches. However, as for other gas targets in such searches, it is important that contamination gases can be removed. This includes radon gas contamination that can decay, producing unwanted background events able to mimic genuine signals, but also outgassing and leaking introduce contaminants such as water, oxygen and nitrogen, which can capture interaction-produced electrons, thus suppressing signals. We present here a novel molecular sieve (MS) based gas recycling system that offers a solution for the simultaneous removal of both radon and common impurities from SF6. The apparatus has the additional benefit of minimising the total amount of gas required in experiments and utilises a Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) technique for continuous, long-term operation. The gas system’s capabilities were tested with a 100 L low-pressure SF6 Time Projection Chamber (TPC) detector. For the first time, we present a newly developed low-radioactive MS type 5A, specifically engineered for this study. This material was found to emanate up to 98% less radon per radon captured compared to commercial counterparts, representing the lowest known emanation at the time of writing. Coupled with this new MS, the gas system reduced the intrinsic radon activity in the detector to 0.8 +/- 6.4 mBq, within error of the radon measurement apparatus background. MS types 3A and 4A further mitigated gain deterioration, sustaining signal for 340 hours until detector operation was terminated, compared to 50 hours without the system. These results demonstrate that a VSA gas recycling system coupled with suitable MSs can reduce intrinsic radon activity and extend detector operation in an SF6 gas-based directional dark matter detector.

Speaker: Robert Renz Marcelo Gregorio

CYGNUS_RobGregorioDec2023-1.pdf

31 Charge Amplification in Sub-atmospheric CF4, SF6, Helium Mixtures

Low pressure gaseous Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) are a viable technology for directional Dark Matter (DM) searches and have the potential for exploring the parameter space below the neutrino fog. Gases like CF4 and SF6 are advantageous because they contain Flourine which is predicted to have heightened elastic scattering rates with a possible Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) DM candidate. The low pressure of CF4 and SF6 must be maintained, ideally lower than 100 Torr, in order to elongate potential Nuclear Recoil (NR) tracks which allows for improved directional sensitivity and NR/Electron Recoil (ER) discrimination. Recent evidence suggests that He can be added to heavier molecular gases, like CF4 and SF6, without significantly affecting the length of 12C, 19F, and 16S recoils due to its lower mass. Such addition of He has the advantage of improving sensitivity to lower mass WIMPs. Simulations can not reliably predict operational stability in these low pressure gas mixtures and thus must be demonstrated experimentally. In this paper we investigate how the addition of He to low pressure CF4 and SF6 affects the gas gain and energy resolution achieved with a single Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (ThGEM) and a multistage MMThGEM.

Speaker: Alasdair McLean (University of Sheffield)

CYGNUS_Workshop_Mixtures_McLean.pdf

19:00 Pub dinner at Nag's Head Hotel, Glebe

Location: https://maps.app.goo.gl/9ovaXHxxQPnt3DVN7

Friday, 15 December

32 Directional DM detection and Neutron Spectrometry in the keV range with MIMAC

The talk will include Ionization Quenching Factor measurements with COMIMAC, electron-nuclear recoil discrimination and many other items related with.

Speaker: Eduardo Daniel SANTOS

MIMAC_Cygnus_December15th_2023.pdf

33 Solar neutrinos and electron recoils

Speaker: Samuele Torelli

CYGNUS_Meeting_SolarNu_Detection_V2.pdf

10:30 Coffee break

34 Extracting Dark-Matter Mass from Directional Observables

We propose a novel method to determine the mass scale of ambient dark matter that can be generally applied to the (at least effectively) two-dimensional direct detection experiments allowing for directional observables. Due to the motions of the solar system and the Earth relative to the galactic center and the Sun, the dark-matter flux carries a directional preference. We first formulate that dark-matter event rates have a non-trivial dependence on the angle between the associated detection plane and the overall dark-matter flow and that the curvature of this angular spectrum encrypts the mass information. For proof of principle, we take the recently-proposed Graphene-Josephson-Junction-based superlight dark-matter detector (named as GLIMPSE) as a concrete example and demonstrate these theoretical expectations through numerical analyses.

Speaker: Prof. Jong-Chul Park (Chungnam National University (KR))

2D-GLIMPSE_CYGNUS2023_JCPark.pdf

35 R&D for a Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector for DUNE

DUNE aims to measure CP violation in the leptonic sector, observe supernova burst neutrinos, and detect rare processes such as proton decay. To achieve these goals, DUNE will use a highly capable suite of near detectors. The DUNE Near Detector complex for Phase II includes ND-GAr, a magnetized high-pressure gaseous-argon TPC (HPgTPC) surrounded by a calorimeter. Due to the low detection threshold of HPgTPC, ND-GAr will be able to constrain one of the least understood sources of uncertainty in the oscillation analysis: nuclear effects in argon at the neutrino interaction vertex. Ongoing R&D efforts for HPgTPC will be discussed.

Speaker: Tanaz Mohayai (Indiana University)

2023_12_14_ND-GAr_cygnus_2.pdf

36 Discussion on the future plans of the directional detection community

Speaker: Sven Vahsen (University of Hawaii (US))

CYGNUS_next_steps_v3.pdf

13:00 Closing remarks