The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) recently completed its Run-2 operation period (2015-2018) which delivered an integrated luminosity of 156 fb-1 at the centre-of-mass $pp$ collision energy of 13~TeV. This marked 10 years of successful operation by the ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT), which operated during Run-2 with instantaneous luminosity and pileup conditions that were far in excess of what...
The CMS Tracker consists of two tracking devices utilizing advanced silicon technology: the inner tracker with pixel detectors and the outer tracker composed of strip detectors. The outer tracker with its more than 15000 silicon modules and 200m2 of active silicon area is in its tenth year of operation at the LHC. We present the performance of the detector in the LHC Run 2 data taking. Results...
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is one of the four main experiments at the CERN LHC.
It is dedicated to the study of heavy-ion collisions, to address the physics of strongly-interacting matter at extreme energy densities, where the formation of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a deconfined phase of matter, is expected.
During the LHC Run1 and Run2 periods, the innermost detector of...
The Large Hadron Collider Beauty (LHCb) detector is a single-arm forward spectrometer, designed to detect decays of beauty and charm hadrons. High-precision track and vertex reconstruction in regions with the highest particle occupancies are enabled by a set of silicon-strip detectors: the VErtex LOcator (VELO) surrounding the interaction region, a large-area Tracker Turicensis (TT) located...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider of KEK (Japan) will accumulate 50 ab$^{-1}$ of $e^+e^-$ collision data at an unprecedented instantaneous luminosity of $8\times 10^{35}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, about 40 times larger than its predecessor. The Belle II vertex detector plays a crucial role in the rich Belle II physics program, especially for time-dependent measurements. It consists of...
The tracking performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on its 4-layer Pixel Detector which
has undergone significant hardware and readout upgrades to meet the challenges imposed by the higher collision energy, pileup and luminosity delivered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), with record breaking instantaneous luminosities of 2 x 10^34 cm-2 s-1 recently surpassed.
The key status...
The CMS Phase-1 Pixel Detector was designed to cope with an instantaneous luminosity 2e34 cm-2 s-1 and 25 ns bunch spacing with very small efficiency loss. The upgraded detector has one additional hit coverage featuring 4 barrel layers and 3 endcap disks, almost doubling the pixel count to 124M. DCDC converters were used to deliver more power to the detector without the need of replacing the...
The first CMS pixel detector performed very well. Nevertheless it showed inefficiencies at high data rates when operated at luminosities above the planned LHC value of 10^34. Therefore it was decided to replace it with an improved version, the so called "phase-1" detector. It was constructed in 2013-2016 and installed in early 2017, during the LHC extended winter shutdown. The overall...
The Belle 2 experiment at the super flavour factory SuperKEKB in Tsukuba, Japan, has started regular operation with its final detector setup in spring 2019. The Belle 2 vertexing system consists of four layers of double sided silicon strips (SVD) and two layers of DEPFET pixel sensors (PXD). These inner most pixel layers are arranged at radii of 14mm and 22mm around the beam pipe. The sensors...
The Inner Tracking System (ITS) Upgrade for the ALICE Experiment at LHC is the first large-area ($\sim$10 m$^2$) silicon vertex detector based on the CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) technology, which combines sensitive volume and front-end readout logic in the same piece of silicon.
This technology allows a reduced material budget (target value of 0.3% on the innermost layers)...
The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is currently preparing for a major upgrade of the Inner Tracking for the Phase-II LHC operation (known as HL-LHC), scheduled to start in 2026. In order to achieve the integrated luminosity of 4000 fb-1, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch...
The LHC machine is planning an upgrade program which will smoothly bring the luminosity to about $5-7.5\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ in 2028, to possibly reach an integrated luminosity of $3000-4500\;$fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2039. This High Luminosity LHC scenario, HL-LHC, will require an upgrade program of the LHC detectors known as Phase-2 upgrade. The current CMS Outer Tracker, already...
The LHCb experiment at the LHC is designed to capture decays of b- and c-hadrons for the study of CP violation and rare decays. It has already had a transformative impact in the field of flavour physics as well as making many general purpose physics measurements in the forward region. At the end of Run-II, many of the LHCb measurements will remain statistically dominated. For this reason the...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB accelerator (KEK, Tsukuba, Japan) collected the first physics data in the spring 2019. With the aim to
accumulate 50 times larger data sample from electron-positron collisions than the previous generation of B-Factories, both the collider and detector
are facing substantial challenges, requiring not only state-of-the art hardware, but also modern...
In 2025 the Large Hadron Collider will be shut down to allow upgrades to the accelerator and the experiments. After this “Phase-II” shutdown the LHC is expected to reach unprecedented values of instantaneous luminosity, with hundreds of interactions in each bunch crossing. This means much higher data rates and occupancies and increased radiation damage for the experiments. During the Phase-II...
The LHCb experiment is a forward spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider designed to study the decays of beauty and charm hadrons. During the data taking phase recently concluded, it produced a vast array of data, in flavour physics and in additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb experiment. In the current LHC's second long shutdown, a major...
The LHC is preparing an upgrade, which will bring the luminosity of the machine to 5-7 × 10^34cm^−2s^−1 reaching an integraded luminosity of 3000 by the end of 2037. This High Luminosity LHC scenario, HL-LHC, will require extensive upgrades to the experiments to fully exploit the physics potential of the accelerator. In this so-called Phase-2 upgrade, CMS detector will require improved...
SOI is a CMOS LSI technology to insulate each MOSFET by using a thin oxide layer in the silicon wafer, allowing high-performance CMOS circuit because of the low parasitic capacitance. The SOI pixel sensor utilizes the silicon wafer as the radiation sensor. Because of the small detector capacitance and the industry-standard CMOS technology, high-performance pixel sensors can be developed.
In...
In the development of pixel detectors for the HL-LHC ATLAS Inner
Tracking Detector upgrade (ITk), thin and finer granularity pitch planar
pixel detector has been developed by HPK/KEK and is ready for the
production. The hybridization optimization was started using the FE-I4
ASIC (250um x 50um pitch) for the current ATLAS pixel detector. Recently
a half size but final pitch readout ASIC,...
The Timepix4 chip is the new hybrid pixel detector ASIC designed at CERN in the frame of the Medipix4 collaboration. This new chip will consist of an array of 512x448 pixels with 55 um square pixels. The chip is highly configurable in order to cover a large range of applications and it can be programmed to work in particle tracking mode or in frame based mode. In particle tracking mode the...
Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) in commercial High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS) processes are groundbreaking tracking detectors for particle physics experiments, as they offer a competitive and cost-effective solution over a large range of applications. In spite of the major improvements demonstrated by DMAPS during the last few years, these sensors require further research...
High Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HVMAPS) are based on
a commercial High Voltage CMOS process and collect charge by drift
inside a reversely biased diode. HVMAPS represent a promising technology for
future pixel tracking detectors.
Two recent developments are presented. The Mupix has a continuous readout and
was developed for the Mu3e experiment whereas the ATLASpix has a...
The upgrade of the ATLAS tracking detector for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider at CERN requires the development of novel radiation hard silicon sensor technologies.
The MALTA Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor prototypes have been developed with the 180 nm TowerJazz CMOS imaging technology. This combines the engineering of high-resistivity substrates with on-chip high-voltage biasing to...
The key ingredient to enhance the radiation tolerance and timing precision for CMOS pixel sensors is to achieve a fully depleted sensitive layer, where the charge collection is guided by strong drifting field. Such sensor concepts have been progressively demonstrated by recent R&D achievements with monolithic prototypes in large formats. These sensors are often referred to as DMAPS (Depleted...
This work discusses the design and the main results relevant to the characterization of analog front-end processors in view of their operation in the pixel detector readout chips of ATLAS and CMS at the High-Luminosity LHC. The front-end channels presented in this paper are part of RD53A, a large scale demonstrator designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology by the RD53 collaboration. The...
Abstract: The large increase of pile-up interactions is one of the main experimental challenges for the HL-LHC physics program. A powerful new way to mitigate the effects of pile-up is to use high-precision timing information to distinguish between collisions occurring close in space but well-separated in time. A High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) , based on low-gain avalanche detector...
The inner tracking layers of all LHC experiments were designed and developed to cope with the environment of the present Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the LHC Phase-II Upgrade foreseen for 2026, the particle densities and radiation levels will increase by roughly an order of magnitude compared to the present LHC conditions, and the silicon-based inner tracking systems have to be able to...
Progress in experimental particle physics continues to depend crucially upon the ability to carry out experiments in a high radiation environment. The RD42 Collaboration at CERN is investigating Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond as a material for tracking detectors operating in such conditions. CVD diamond detectors have been used routinely and successfully in beam conditions/beam loss...
The design of future high-energy and high-intensity hadronic machines, such as FCC-hh, relies on the ability of detectors to sustain harsh radiation environments while keeping excellent performances on tracking and tagging all the interaction products. In order to face the challenge, a vast R&D effort is required.
In this contribution, we propose a novel concept of tracking system, that...
In view of the High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), radiation tolerant silicon sensors are being developed in the framework of ATLAS, CMS, RD50 and other sensor R&D projects. The HL-LHC beam parameters and hardware configuration should enable the collider to reach a peak instantaneous luminosity of $5\times10^{34}\text{ cm}^{-2}\text{s}^{-1}$, and an integrated...
The large increase of pile-up interactions is one of the main experimental challenges for the HL-LHC physics program. A powerful new way to mitigate the effects of pile-up is to use high-precision timing information to distinguish between collisions occurring close in space but well-separated in time. A High-Granularity Timing Detector, based on low-gain avalanche detector technology, is...
The MIP Timing Detector (MTD) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) with hermetic coverage up to a pseudo-rapidity of |η|=3 is designed to provide precision timing information (with resolution of ~40 ps per layer) for charged particles. This upgrade will reduce the effects of pile-up expected under the High Luminosity LHC running conditions and brings new and unique capabilities to the CMS...
The proof-of-concept of a monolithic silicon pixel detector in SiGe Bi-CMOS technology for outstanding tracking and timing performance was produced in the SG13G2 process of IHP Mikroelektronik. Measurements with a 90Sr source show a time resolution of 50ps for hexagonal pixels of 130µm side. The performance of the front-end electronics is compatible with Cadence Spectre simulations and shows...
The TIMESPOT project is a R&D project entirely funded by INFN – Italy. It is active since the end of 2017 and will operate for 3 years. The project aims at the construction of a mini-tracker demonstrator implementing both high space and time resolutions at the single pixel level. The pixels have a pitch of 55x55 µm^2. Specified r.m.s. time resolution is equal or better than 50 ps.
Sensors...
Mu3e is an upcoming experiment at Paul Scherrer Institut in the search for the strongly suppressed decay of µ->eee. It will use an ultra-lightweight silicon pixel detector using thinned HV-CMOS MAPS chips. Untriggered, zero-suppressed, always-on operation is needed for observing random decays of muons at rest with a decay rate of 10^8-10^9 decays per second. More than 1 m2 of instrumented...
In a continuous effort to push the energy frontier, CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will undergo a major upgrade which will extend its service life and boost the potential for new discoveries beyond 2025. Along with a ten-fold increase in the rate of collisions, the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to reach unprecedented levels of radiation. In parallel, in the ATLAS experiment an...
For the CERN LHC Run 3, the ALICE experiment completely redesigned the Inner Tracking System, now consisting of seven cylindrical layers instrumented with 24120 Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS), covering a total surface area of 10 m2. The readout and powering systems are composed of 192 identical Readout Units (RUs) and 142 Power Boards (PBs), respectively, and have complete control over...
A brief review of the preparation status of the future EU Innovation Pilot Call on the RD for detectors in future collider experiments will be presented with special focus on the activities related with new silicon-based sensing technologies and related microelectronics developments.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is the next generation electron-positron
high energy frontier machine. To perform the precision Higgs measurements and search for
new physics, precise measurements of the vertex positions which are not achieved current
experiments, are required. We will report on the new developments on the ILC vertex
detectors covering sensor technologies and...
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) has been proposed as a Higgs factory to measure the properties of the Higgs boson with high precision and to enable the possibility to explore new physics. To meet the stringent physics requirements, it is necessary to design and construct both vertex and tracking detectors with the state-of-the-art silicon detector technologies. Initial R&D has...
The exploitation of the physics reach at the next generation electron-positron colliders requires outstanding flavour tagging performance, impacting on the vertex detector characteristics:
- state-of-the-art granularity for resolutions at the few micron level shall be guaranteed while preserving a high event rate capability;
- minimum multiple scattering at the innermost radius calls for a...
In the High Luminosity LHC, planned to start with Run4 in 2026, the ATLAS experiment will be equipped with the Hardware Track Trigger (HTT) system, a dedicated hardware system able to reconstruct tracks in the silicon detectors with short latency. This HTT will be composed of about 700 ATCA boards, based on new technologies available on the market, like high speed links and powerful FPGAs, as...
The LHC will be upgraded to the High Luminosity (HL-LHC) in the late 2020 in order to reach an instantaneous luminosity as high as $7x10^{34} cm^{−2}s^{−1}$, hence increasing the discovery potential of the machine. In order to preserve its physics reach, the CMS detector will be significantly upgraded. A key component of the upgrade is the Outer Tracker detector that will be able to identify...
The LHCb experiment is undergoing a major upgrade in view of Run-3, in which the complete detector will be read out, and events fully reconstructed, at the full LHC crossing rate (averaging 30 MHz). One of the key steps of event reconstruction is finding tracks in the new, high precision pixel vertex detector (VELOPIX). This step is the necessary starting point for most of the rest of the...
This talk will expone recent simulation techniques for analyzing acceptor removal, new defects model (in particular the pentatrap Hamburg model and the new Perugia model) and how to take into account effects related to temperature and the signal processing from the electronics front end. Acceptor removal in LGAD, for example, is now a problem under study and its simulation needs to define ad...
In this work we present the development of a comprehensive (surface and bulk) TCAD
radiation damage effects model which enables a predictive insight into the electrical behavior of novel solid-state detectors up to the particle fluences expected at the end of HL-LHC.
To better understand in a comprehensive framework the complex and articulated
phenomena related to the radiation damage...
Silicon tracking detectors are playing a crucial role in space-borne astroparticle experiments for the measurement of both charged cosmic rays and gamma rays.
The technology used for accelerator based experiments has been proven to work properly in space with high reliability and is used in several running and planned experiments.
I will review the current experiments equipped with silicon...
We present a program for fast calculation of capacitances in planar silicon pixel (strip) sensors, based on a 3D (2D) numerical solution of the Laplace equation. A comparison between calculated capacitances and measurements on pixel and strip sensors, along with simulation results obtained with the TCAD Sentaurus suite are presented. The agreement between calculations and measurements better...
The ALICE experiment foresees a comprehensive upgrade during the ongoing long LHC shutdown. A key element is the replacement of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) with a newly constructed silicon based detector. The new "ALPIDE" chips made from Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (50 $\mu$m thick) have already shown excellent performances in terms of power consumption and spatial precision. Once...
The major upgrade of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) of the ALICE detector is being carried out to meet the challenges of the physics program of the ALICE experiment after the LHC Long Shutdown 2.The strategy of the ALICE ITS upgrade is based on the application of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) developed by the ALICE collaboration using 0.18$~$$\mu$m TowerJazz technology. These sensors...
Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor prototypes developed in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS imaging process have been designed in the context of the ATLAS upgrade Phase-II at the High-Luminosity LHC. These are characterized by a small collection electrode design (3 um), and a small pixel size (36.4 um), on high resistivity substrates and large voltage bias. The latest prototype of this technology,...
During the era of the High-Luminosity (HL) LHC the experimental devices will be subjected to enhanced radiation levels with fluxes of neutrons and charge hadrons in the inner detectors up to ~2.3x1016 neq/cm2 and total ionization doses up to ~1.2 Grad. A systematic program of radiation tests with neutrons and charge hadrons is being run by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations in view of the...
In our contribution we present the performance of RSD (Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors), an evolution of the LGAD (Low-Gain Avalanche Diode) technology, developed through a collaboration between the Torino division of INFN (the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics) and Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento. In this new design, the multiplied charges are slowed down on the...
The Co-60 irradiation facility at the Ruder Boskovic Institute in Zagreb will be presented. Preliminary results of the irradiation of an ATLAS and CMS pixel detector prototype readout chip, called RD53A, will be discussed.
Recent results have shown evidence of enhanced low dose-rate radiation sensitivity (ELDRS) to the total ionizing dose (TID) induced damage in 130- and 65-nm CMOS...
ALICE is one of the four experiments at the LHC located at CERN. As part of the upgrade of the detector, the current Inner Tracking System (ITS) will be replaced by an all silicon detector constructed from pixel sensors with a pitch of 29 × 27 µm$^2$ using CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPs) technology. The goal of this upgrade is to enable precise measurements of low momenta particles...
After more than ten years of operations, starting from 2024 the LHC will be upgraded to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The HL-LHC will deliver a total integrated luminosity of up to 4000fb-1 in about ten years, with a peak luminosity five times higher than that which was reached before the current LHC shutdown. To cope with the higher radiation levels and pile up, the ATLAS experiment will...
The Time-of-Flight (ToF) detectors of the ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) system are designed to measure the primary vertex z-position of the pp -> pXp processes by comparing the arrival times measured in the ToF of the two intact protons in the final state.
We present the results obtained from a performance study of the AFP ToF detector operation in 2017. A time resolutions of individual channels...
