Dark Matter and Stars: Multi-Messenger Probes of Dark Matter and Modified Gravity

3 May 2023, 09:00 → 5 May 2023, 18:15 Europe/Lisbon

Centro de Congressos (Center for Astrophysics and Gravitation, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon)

The International Conference "Dark Matter and Stars: Multi-Messenger Probes of Dark Matter and Modified Gravity" aims to bring together scientists working across the different research fields of astrophysics, cosmology, and modified gravity. We want to look at the dark matter problem from different perspectives, considering it to be of particle nature, as well as modification of gravity. This meeting is intended to initiate cross-field discussions of dark matter searches, their current status, and future prospects.

CONFERENCE TOPICS

• Dark matter in compact stars (neutron stars, white dwarfs, exotic stars)
• Multi-messenger and gravitational wave probes of dark matter
• Models of dark matter
• Cosmology
• Modified gravity

We seek to encourage dialogue between different research groups to enhance collaboration and help to improve our understanding of dark matter. The conference is also planned to introduce the dark matter research field to encourage attendance by young scientists including Ph.D. students.

The meeting will be held at the Centro de Congressos, Center for Astrophysics and Gravitation, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal. 

PARTICIPANTS

Registration for the conference is free of charge. Maximum attendance is 120, to ensure all participants are comfortable and have ample opportunities to interact with one another. The selection of the final participant list is the responsibility of the organizing committee. Participants are chosen according to availability and conference goals, as explained above.

INVITED SPEAKERS

• Masha Baryakhtar (University of Washington)
• Joseph Bramante (Queen's University)
• Katy Clough (Queen Mary University of London)
• Laura Covi (Göttingen University)
• Christopher Dessert (New York University)
• Eleonora Di Valentino (Sheffield University)
• Tim Dietrich (University of Potsdam/Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute))
• Daniela Doneva (University of Tuebingen)
• Chris Kouvaris (National Technical University of Athens)
• Ruth Lazkoz (University of the Basque Country)
• Andrea Maselli (Gran Sasso Institute)
• David F.  Mota  (University of Oslo)
• Sanjay Reddy (University of Washington)
• Aaron Vincent (Queen's University)
   

RECORDED VIDEOS
We are pleased to share the recordings of the talks. The talks are listed in the playlist as they were presented at the conference

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV-TGudDdrs&list=PLkMLa-vhJyJSGDq94uYcEs9L3N7aVC-yw.

SPECIAL ISSUE OF PARTICLES
Selected papers of the conference will be published in a Special Issue of Particles, an MDPI peer-reviewed open-access journal. Manuscripts submitted to this Special Issue should contain original work or be a review of the field of expertise of the author(s). All submissions will be peer-reviewed by internationally recognized experts. More information and the submission form for manuscripts can be found here: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/particles/special_issues/E1MQU1X51H

WARNING: please ignore the spam email from "travellerpoint.org". We got to know about the spam emails targeting participants of the Dark Matter and Stars conference. Please do not reply to the spam email or click on any link in it.
 

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Ilídio Lopes (Co-chair, IST, University of Lisbon)
Violetta Sagun (Co-chair, University of Coimbra)
Laura Sagunski (Co-chair, Goethe University Frankfurt)
Ana Brito (IST, University of Lisbon/Instituto Superior de Gestão)
Marco Calzà (University of Coimbra)
Edoardo Giangrandi (University of Coimbra, University of Potsdam)
José Sande Lemos (IST, University of Lisbon)
Grigorios Panotopoulos (Frontera University)
Joseph Silk (Johns Hopkins University/Oxford University/Paris, Institute of Astrophysics)

The conference is supported by the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the grant CENTRA UIDB/00099/2020, Collaborative Research Center Transregio 211 (CRC-TR 211) and Clusterprojekt ELEMENTS.

Closing_Session_ICDMS2023.pdf

Conference_Picture.jpg

Opening_Session_ICDMS2023.pdf

Poster_ICDMS2023.pdf

Wednesday, 3 May

09:00 → 09:15 Official welcome

Conveners: Ilídio Pereira Lopes (CENTRA-IST), Laura Sagunski, Violetta Sagun (University of Coimbra)

Opening_Slides_ICDMS2023.pdf

09:15 → 09:55 New fields in the strong gravity regime

Gravitational wave signals from merging compact objects provide an exciting opportunity to probe fundamental physics beyond General Relativity - this includes the potential for new fields and particles (e.g. dark matter candidates), and for modifications to General Relativity at higher curvature scales. To identify modifications to the standard paradigm we require accurate modelling of the effect of new physics on gravitational wave signals. In this talk I will discuss recent progress in modelling such effects in the strong, dynamical gravity regime of binary black hole mergers, using numerical techniques.

Speaker: Katy Clough

KCloughFieldsinStrongGravity.pdf

09:55 → 10:35 Multimessenger signals from dark photons around black holes

I will discuss how rotating black holes source exponentially large numbers of gravitationally-bound ultralight particles, creating nature's laboratories for new physics. These systems emit gravitational waves, allowing observatories such as LIGO to search for axions and dark photons. If the dark photons interact with the Standard Model, black holes could turn into a new type of bright `pulsar' in the sky. I will focus on the electrodynamics of a kinetically mixed dark photon cloud that forms through superradiance around a spinning black hole. I will describe the resulting multimessenger signals of these systems which, if they exist, could result in some of the brightest X-ray sources in the universe.

Speaker: Masha Baryakhtar (University of Washington)

Lisbon_pdf.pdf

Lisbon_sm.key

10:35 → 11:00 Coffee break

11:00 → 11:40 Dirty black hole binaries as probe of dark matter halos

Coalescing compact binaries provide natural laboratories in which black holes act simultaneously as targets of gravitational wave observations, and moving probes of their medium, where matter fields and particles live in a genuine strong gravity regime.

Within the family-tree of coalescing systems, asymmetric binaries provide a unique phenomenology, which makes them golden sources for next generations of interferometers to investigate the properties of non-vacuum spacetimes.

In this talk I will review some of the possibilities offered by such sources to provide novel insights on the environment in which binaries evolve. I will focus on astrophysical scenarios in which binary black holes orbit embedded by a dark matter halo, showing how the latter affects the propagation and generation of gravitational waves, leaving a detectable imprint on the emitted signals. I will discuss how future observations can exploit such footprints to infer the properties of the dark matter content, possibly allowing to distinguish between different models proposed so far to describe its distribution around massive objects.

Speaker: Andrea Maselli

Lisbon_2023.pdf

11:40 → 11:50 Primordial Black Holes as laboratories for Physics beyond the standard scenarios

We use the evaporation of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) as a laboratory to investigate Physics beyond the Standard Model of particles and to probe the structure of black holes. We show that PBHs develop non-negligible spins through Hawking's emission of a large number of axion-like particles generically present in string theory compactifications, yielding a unique probe of the total number of light scalars in the fundamental theory, independent of how weakly they interact with known matter. We study a regular rotating black hole, described by the Kerr-black-bounce metric, and evaporating under the Hawking emission of a single scalar field. We compared it with a Kerr black hole evaporating under the same conditions and showed how the regularizing parameter affects the evolution of the PBH. We briefly comment on the possibility of investigating the beyond-the-horizon structure of a black hole by exploiting its Hawking emission.

Speaker: Marco Calza (University of Coimbra)

Primordial Black Holes as laboratories for Physics beyond the standard scenarios.pdf

Primordial Black Holes as laboratories for Physics beyond the standard scenarios.pdf

11:50 → 12:05 Intermediate mass-ratio inspirals with dark matter minispikes

The dark matter (DM) distributed around an intermediate massive black hole (IMBH) forms an overdensity region called DM minispike.
We consider the binary system which consists of an IMBH with DM minispike and a small black hole inspiralling around the IMBH in eccentric orbits.
The factors which affect the evolution of the orbit include the gravity of the system, the dynamical friction and accretion of the small black hole caused by the DM minispike, and the radiation reaction of gravitational waves (GWs).
Using the method of osculating orbit, we find that when the semi-latus rectum $p\ll 10^5 R_s$ ($R_s$ is the Schwarzschild radius of the IMBH) the dominated factors are the dynamical friction and accretion from the DM minispike, and the radiation reaction.
When $p\gg 10^5 R_s$,
the gravity from the DM minispike dominates the orbital evolution.
The existence of DM minispike leads to the deviation from the Keplerian orbit,
such as extra orbital precession,
henceforth extra phase shift in the GW waveform.
By calculating the signal-to-noise ratio for GWs with and without DM minispikes and the mismatch between them,
we show that the effect of the DM minispike in GW waveforms can potentially be detected by future space-based GW detectors such as LISA, Taiji, and Tianqin.

Speaker: Dr Dicong Liang (Peking University)

IMRIDM.pdf

12:05 → 12:20 Continuous gravitational-wave probes of dark matter

The third observing run of advanced LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA brought unprecedented sensitivity towards a variety of quasi-monochromatic, persistent gravitational-wave signals. Continuous waves allow us to probe not just the canonical asymmetrically rotating neutron stars, but also different forms of dark matter, thus showing the wide-ranging astrophysical implications of using a relatively simple signal model. In this talk, I will summarize recent results from searches for dark matter in the form of asteroid-mass primordial black holes, dark matter clouds that could form around rotating black holes, and even dark matter that could interact with the detectors themselves.

Speaker: Andrew Miller

miller_cw_dm_probes.pdf

12:20 → 14:00 Lunch

14:00 → 14:40 Dark Matter models and production mechanisms

We will review different models and production mechanisms for Dark Matter and highlight their different DM properties and signatures.

Speaker: Laura Covi (Georg August Universitaet Goettingen (DE))

DM-Models_Lisbon23.pdf

14:40 → 15:20 Dark matter in compact stars and galactic structure

Dark matter that accumulates in compact stars can have a number of observable effects, including thermal emission from the surface of neutron stars, converting neutron stars into black holes, and causing white dwarfs to explode. After reviewing these compact star dark matter searches I will present some preliminary work on dark matter induced white dwarf explosions, and how these can alter galactic structure through dark matter induced baryonic feedback.

Speaker: Joseph Bramante (Queen's University & Perimeter Institute)

DMCompactGalacticLisbon.pdf

15:20 → 15:35 Nuclear cluster, dark matter or both? Constraints on distributed matter in the innermost galactic centre from stellar orbits

In the centre of most galaxies there reside(s) (a) massive black hole(s). The one in our own galaxy, Sgr A, weights roughly four million solar masses. How black holes can become so massive is an open question. Certain theories predict that black holes can grow continuously by accreting dark matter. A star orbiting a black hole through such a distribution would feel a continuously changing gravitational pull, altering its trajectory. Naturally also ordinary matter, such as other members of the nuclear cluster, can have almost the same effect if it is distributed. Small differences arise due the different matter types relaxing in distinct profiles. Inverting the problem we can infer the underlying distribution from precise measurements of stellar orbits. Future infrared observations of the Galactic Centre will thus help not only to further constrain the amount of distributed matter around Sgr A, but may also allow to infer the nature of that matter. In my talk I will summarise my work with collaborators on this front:

• A theoretical study of the impact of dark matter onto the orbit of S2, focusing on the guiding of observational campaigns w. r. t. key orbital sections, and estimates on future constraints. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142114

• The latest observational constraints on dark matter around Sgr A* of the GRAVITY collaboration. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142465

• A novel shell model for dark matter, and its potential utility for both theoretical investigations and future observational constraints due to its ability to assume a wide range of shapes. https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/projects/dark_matter/

Speaker: Dr Gernot Heißel (European Space Agency / Estec)

Vortrag Lissabon 03:05:2023.pdf

15:35 → 15:45 Motion of S2 and bounds on scalar clouds around SgrA*

The motion of S2, one of the stars closest to the Galactic Centre, has been measured accurately and used to study the compact object at the centre of the Milky Way. It is commonly accepted that this object is a supermassive black hole but the nature of its environment is open to discussion. Here, we investigate the possibility that dark matter in the form of an ultralight scalar field "cloud'' clusters around SgrA*. We use the available data for S2 to perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis and find the best-fit estimates for a scalar cloud structure. Our results show no substantial evidence for such structures. When the cloud size is of the order of the size of the orbit of S2, we are able to constrain its mass to be smaller than $0.1\%$ of the central mass, setting a strong bound on the presence of new fields in the galactic centre.

Speaker: Arianna Foschi

Foschi_DM_and_Stars_2023.pdf

15:45 → 16:00 Break

16:00 → 17:00 Challenges to the Standard Cosmological Model

The Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) model has been widely accepted as the standard cosmological model due to its good agreement with a broad range of cosmological data. However, recent studies have shown discrepancies among the model's key cosmological parameters, which have different levels of statistical significance. While some of these inconsistencies could be due to systematic errors, the persistence of such tensions across various probes suggests a potential failure of the canonical LCDM model. In this seminar, I will review the current tensions, including the Hubble constant disagreement, the S8 tension, and the CMB tension, and explore proposed solutions that could potentially alleviate them. However, I will also discuss the limitations of these proposed solutions and note that none of them have successfully resolved the discrepancies. Nevertheless, there are a few intriguing possibilities that warrant further investigation.

Speaker: Eleonora Di Valentino (University of Sheffield)

divalentino.pdf

17:00 → 17:30 Coffee break

17:30 → 17:40 Preheating in Higgs Inflation

We investigate the post-inflationary dynamics of Higgs-Inflation within the framework of Einstein-Cartan gravity, with a particular emphasis on the scalar sector of the theory. Notably, we find that the inflaton potential is capable of supporting the formation of meta-stable non linear structures, which can generate a significant gravitational wave signal, and significantly modify the standard expansion history of the Universe.

Speaker: Matteo Piani (CENTRA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa)

Piani-presentation (Backup).pdf

17:40 → 17:50 Self-Similar Solutions in Dark-Fluid Cosmology

The scale-free nature of gravitational interaction in both Newtonian gravity and the general theory of relativity gives rise to the concept of self-similarity, where solutions replicate themselves as the scale varies. As a result of this property, the governing partial differential equations are greatly simplified. Moreover, certain self-similar solutions can describe the asymptotic behaviors of more general solutions. However, there are situations where similarity is partially broken, these are called kinematic self-similar solutions. These kinds of solutions have a wide application in cosmology and mathematical general relativity. We used self-similar solutions to study dark-fluid-based cosmological models.

Speaker: Balazs Endre Szigeti (Wigner Research Centre for Physics (Wigner RCP) (HU))

DarkMatterandStarsBSzE.pdf

20:00 → 22:00 Conference dinner

Thursday, 4 May

09:00 → 09:40 Neutron Stars as Dark Matter Laboratories in the Multi-messenger Era

I will describe our current understanding of neutron stars and identify observables that could reveal new physics beyond the standard model. In the next decade, multi-messenger observations of neutron stars, neutron star mergers, and core-collapse supernovae will provide new insights into neutron stars' structure, dynamics, and thermal evolution. I will outline how this can help discover or constrain the particle nature of dark matter.

Speaker: Sanjay Reddy (University of Washington)

Portugal_May_3_2023.pdf

09:40 → 10:20 Dark Stars

Dark matter could possibly form its own compact star-like objects. Although composed of dark matter, there are several ways that these "dark stars" can be observed in the sky, through lensing, gravitational waves from mergers and other exotic astrophysical processes.

Speaker: Prof. Chris Kouvaris

DM23_Lisbon.pdf

10:20 → 10:35 Gravitational waves to probe Dark Matter in Neutron Stars

The recent direct detection of Gravitational Waves from mergers of Neutron Stars has opened up the possibility to explore the properties of dense matter in their interior. Isolated neutron stars can also emit gravitational waves when perturbed, and the wave characteristics if detected may contain signatures of their composition. It is conjectured that dark matter may also exist within neutron stars, and their presence could affect their observable properties. We present results from our recent studies on constraining dark matter models using recent astrophysical data and investigation of effects of the presence of dark matter on neutron star mode oscillations and gravitational wave emission.

Speaker: Prof. Debarati Chatterjee (IUCAA)

Lisbon2023_Chatterjee.pdf

10:35 → 11:00 Coffee break

11:00 → 11:40 Stars as Axion Laboratories

It is well-known that light and weakly coupled particles, such as axions, are efficiently produced in hot stellar cores. I will discuss the wide variety of methodologies developed in the community to search for axion emission from stars via their effects on stellar evolution. I will then discuss a related set of work using magnetic stars, in which axion-photon conversion in the magnetosphere can induce a polarization of the thermal emission pointing perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. Searches for this polarization result in some of the strongest constraints on the axion to-date.

Speaker: Chris Dessert

DMStars_05042023.pdf

11:40 → 11:50 Smoking gun signals of dark matter in compact stars

We present here the smoking-gun signals of the presence of dark matter (DM) in compact stars, such as neutron stars (NSs). We demonstrate the conditions under which the DM particles tend to form a compact core or a diluted halo embedding the NS. At the same time, we point out the possible degeneracy between the effect of accumulated DM and the deconfinement phase transition in the core of the star. Both configurations lead to the effective softening of the equation of state and could mimic each other. Moreover, we show the impact of DM on the star thermal evolution and properties, e.g. mass, radius, tidal deformabilities, and its possible detection with the present and future multi-messenger observations.

Speaker: Edoardo Giangrandi (CFisUC - University of Coimbra)

ICDMNS2023_EGiangrandi.pdf

11:50 → 12:05 Uniformly rotating compact stars with a dark matter halo

In this contribution we consider the uniform rotation of compact stars admixed with dark matter, which forms an extended halo. We use as inputs state of the art equations of state like the hadronic the DD2, IST ones as well a hybrid quark-hadron equation of state based on a recently developed relativistic density functional for quark matter. The resulting configurations contain a typical dark matter to baryonic matter fractions of the order up to 3%.

We report a significant frame dragging effect caused rotation of the dark matter halo and confront this results with the same setup for static compact stars in order to draw conclusions. We discuss astrophysical scenarios like compact stars constrains from the fastest neutron stars observed, mergers of compact stars with halos, and cooling observation of compact stars.

Speaker: David Edwin Alvarez Castillo

Alvarez-Lisbon_2023.pdf

12:05 → 12:15 QCD in the Cores of Neutron Stars

Rapid advancement in neutron-star observations allows unprecedented empirical access to cold, ultra-dense QCD matter. The combination of these observations with theoretical calculations reveals previously inaccessible features of the equation of state and the phase diagram of QCD. In this talk, I will demonstrate how perturbative-QCD calculations at asymptotically high densities can provide robust constraints on the equation of state at neutron-star densities. This approach offers a way to test the fundamental assumptions that neutron stars are described by the Standard Model (SM) and general relativity, that could allow us to test various dark matter models and beyond GR scenarios.

Speaker: Oleg Komoltsev (University of Stavanger)

lisbon_komoltsev.pdf

12:15 → 12:25 Faint light of old neutron stars and detectability at the James Webb Space Telescope

Isolated ideal neutron stars (NS) of age $>10^9$ yrs exhaust thermal and rotational energies and cool down to temperatures below $\mathcal{O}(100)$ K. Accretion of particle dark matter (DM) by such NS can heat them up through kinetic and annihilation processes. This increases the NS surface temperature to a maximum of $\sim 2550$ K in the best case scenario. The maximum accretion rate depends on the DM ambient density and velocity dispersion, and on the NS equation of state and their velocity distributions. Upon scanning over these variables, we find that the effective surface temperature varies at most by $\sim 40\%$. Black body spectrum of such warm NS peak at near infrared wavelengths with magnitudes in the range potentially detectable by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Using the JWST exposure time calculator, we demonstrate that NS with surface temperatures ≳ 2400 K, located at a distance of 10 pc can be detected through the F150W2 (F322W2) filters of the NIRCAM instrument at SNR ≳ 10 (5) within 24 hours of exposure time. Independently of DM, an observation of NS with surface temperatures ≳ 2500 K will be a formative step towards testing the minimal cooling paradigm during late evolutionary stages.

Speaker: Shiuli Chatterjee (National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw)

Shiuli_NS_Lisboa.pdf

Shiuli_NS_Lisboa.pptx

12:25 → 12:35 Conference Photo

12:35 → 14:00 Lunch

14:00 → 14:10 Quark matter and non-radial oscillations in hybrid stars

We study the possibility of the existence of a deconfined quark matter in the core of neutron star (NS)s and its relation to non-radial oscillation modes in NSs and hybrid star (HS)s. We use relativistic mean field (RMF) models to describe the nuclear matter at low densities and zero temperature. The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model is used to describe the quark matter at high densities and zero temperature. A Gibbs construct is used to describe the hadron-quark phase transition (HQPT) at large densities. Within the model, as the density increases, a mixed phase (MP) appears at density about 2.5 times the nuclear matter saturation density ($\rho_0$) and ends at density about 5$\rho_0$ beyond which the pure quark matter phase appears. It turns out that a stable HS of maximum mass, M = 2.27M$_\odot$ with radius R = 14 km (for NL3 parameterisation of nuclear RMF model), can exist with the quark matter in the core in a MP only. HQPT in the core of maximum mass HS occurs at radial distance, r$_c$ = 0.27R where the equilibrium speed of sound shows a discontinuity. Existence of quark matter in the core enhances the non-radial oscillation frequencies in HSs compared to NSs of the same mass. This enhancement is significantly large for the $g$ modes. Such an enhancement of the $g$ modes is also seen for a density dependent Bayesian (DDB) parmeterisation of the nucleonic EOS. The non-radial oscillation frequencies depend on the vector coupling in the NJL model. The values of $g$ and $f$ mode frequencies decrease with increase the vector coupling in quark matter.

Speaker: Mr Tuhin Malik

DM_Lisboa_TM.pdf

14:10 → 14:25 Anisotropic stars made of exotic matter in light of the complexity factor formalism

Within Einstein’s General Relativity we study exotic stars made of dark energy assuming an extended Chaplygin gas equation-of-state. Taking into account the presence of anisotropies, we employ the formalism based on the complexity factor to solve the structure equations numerically, obtaining thus interior solutions describing hydrostatic equilibrium. Making use of well-established criteria we demonstrate that the solutions are well behaved and realistic. A comparison with another, more conventional approach, is made as well.

Speaker: ANGEL RINCON RIVERO (Universidad de Alicante)

Charla_IST_Dark_Matter_and_Stars_v2.pdf

14:25 → 14:30 Break

14:30 → 15:30 Simulating Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Implications for Multi-messenger Astronomy and Dark Matter Searches

Throughout the Universe, many high-energy, cataclysmic astrophysical collisions of neutron stars are continuously occurring. These collisions provide an excellent testbed to probe the properties of supranuclear-dense matter, to study the production of heavy elements, to allow for an independent measurement of the expansion rate of our Universe, and to perform an indirect search for dark matter. Essential for such studies are reliable models describing the merger dynamics. Keeping this in mind, numerical-relativity simulations can be seen as a prerequisite for a reliable interpretation of multi-messenger events, and to further develop gravitational-wave and electromagnetic transient models. We show some of our most recent results and identify how simulation can be used for multi-messenger studies and how simulations including dark matter admixed stars will open the door to identify the presence of dark matter in binary neutron star mergers.

Speaker: Tim Dietrich (University of Potsdam and Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics Potsdam)

Lisbon_May2023.pdf

15:30 → 16:00 Coffee break

16:00 → 16:15 Mergers of Dark Matter Admixed Neutron Stars

We investigate mergers of neutron stars consisting of two non-interacting fluids minimally coupled to the gravitational field using the numerical relativity code BAM. The first fluid represents baryonic matter, whereas the second fluid models dark matter, which we describe using the equation of state of a degenerate Fermi gas.

We consider two different scenarios for the distribution of the dark matter. In the first scenario the dark matter is confined to the core of the star, whereas in the second scenario the dark matter extends beyond the surface of the baryonic matter forming a halo around the baryonic star.

We show how the dark matter impacts the binary dynamics and merger waveforms.

Speaker: Dr Hannes Rüter (CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico IST)

ICDMS2023_HannesRüter.pdf

merger2D.mp4

merger2D_zoom.mp4

16:15 → 16:25 Boson star head-on collisions

Colliding boson stars (BS) can be regarded as one potential source for astrophysical gravitational wave signals. Templates for the detection of such signals are now being constructed, which makes accurate calculations of such more important. In contrast to fluid matter, BS solutions are smooth, which makes them, in some sense, an optimal domain for the application of pseudospectral numerical methods. Simulations so far have been limited due to the difficulty in building initial data containing two BSs. Most groups undergoing such studies either use a simple superposition of two boosted BSs or an improved version thereof. In this talk I will present first results of BS head-on collisions that start from constraint solved initial data.

Speaker: Florian Atteneder (TPI Jena)

atteneder.pdf

16:25 → 16:35 Fermion-Boson-Stars - Neutron Stars Admixed with Ultra-Light Dark Matter

I will give an introduction to Fermion-Boson-Stars, Neutron Stars with an additional massive, self-interacting complex scalar field, which interact only gravitationally. I explore its history, the mass-radius-relations, tidal deformability, and compare to observations from HESS, NICER, and LIGO.

Speaker: Niklas Becker

Becker.pdf

16:35 → 16:50 Investigating Sexaquark as a candidate for dark matter constraining the parameters of nlNJL model when Bayesian analysis of neutron stars mass and radius is performed.

A stable sexaquark state with quark content (uuddss) is investigated as a candidate for dark matter in the core of neutron star. We find that there is a “sexaquark dilemma”
(analogous to the hyperon dilemma) for which the dissociation of the sexaquark in quark matter is
a viable solution fulfilling all present constraints from multi-messenger astronomy. Furthermore, the mass of sexaquark is constrained using a gereneralized relativistic mean-field approach called DD2Y for discribing hadronic matter in the core of neutron star. The parameters of the covariant nonlocal Nambu–Jona-Lasinio
(nlNJL) model which describes the color superconducting quark matter phase, are provided by a systematic Bayesian analysis of hybrid neutron star equations of state (EoS). We find the squared speed of sound at high densities to be about 0.5 for the optimized parameters.

Speaker: Mahboubeh Shahrbaf

Lisbon_cnference_2023.pdf

16:50 → 17:50 Posters Session and Welcome Drink

Friday, 5 May

09:00 → 09:40 Neutron stars in theories beyond GR - from theory to astrophysical constraints

Even though often underestimated as probes of the strong field regime of gravity because of the matter uncertainties, neutron stars still provide the best up-to-date constraints in a number of GR modifications. In the present talk, we will review the most important models of neutron stars in such theories focusing primarily on the astrophysically viable candidates. Their dynamics and the related astrophysical implications will be also discussed. Special attention will be paid to scenarios that offer clear qualitative different
signatures of beyond GR physics.

Speaker: Dr Daniela Doneva (University of Tuebingen)

NSBeyondGR_Doneva_v3.pdf

09:40 → 10:20 Nonlinear Cosmological probes of gravity theories beyond General Relativity

Several modifications to general relativity have been proposed with the aim to explain the nature of dark energy and the accelerated expansion of the Universe. In this talk I will review the present status of modified theories of gravity in the light of astrophysical probes of gravity in the weak-field regime, ranging from stars to cosmological scales. I begin by setting the scene for how theories beyond General Relativity are expected to behave in the different astrophysical systems, as well as their cosmological signatures. With these in hand, I present a range of observational tests with an eye to using the current and next generation of observations for tests of gravity. In particular, I will show how physical observables of the non-linear regime of structure formation are promising probes to constraining theoretical models in the nonlinear dynamics of galaxies, clusters and large scale structure.

Speaker: David F. Mota

David-Mota-Lisboa-2023.pdf

10:20 → 10:30 Mapping the landscape of gravity theories

Both Einstein's equations and the field equations of a modified theory of gravity can be derived as equations of state from purely thermodynamical considerations, leading to the identification of GR with an equilibrium state of gravity and modified gravity with a non-equilibrium one. This breakthrough made the relationship between gravity and thermodynamics even more intriguing. I will present a new approach to the thermodynamics of modified gravity which is inspired by these results, but follows a starkly different path. A precise description of the approach to equilibrium naturally emerges from using Eckart’s first-order irreversible thermodynamics on the effective imperfect fluid describing scalar-tensor gravity. Applications of this framework to cosmology, extensions to different classes of modified theories, and the formulation of two complementary descriptions based on the notions of temperature and chemical potential all contribute to a new and unifying picture of the landscape of gravity theories GR is embedded in.

Speaker: Serena Giardino (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics & Heidelberg University)

DM___Stars-2.pdf

10:30 → 11:00 Coffee break

11:00 → 11:40 Observational constraints on f(Q) cosmologies

Modified gravity theories of the f(Q) theories have aroused some recent interest as candidates to replace Einstein's prescription for gravity. These scenarios present new degrees of freedom in the action due to the free torsionless connection allowed by the nonmetricity tensor Q. In this talk we discuss some specific classes of f(Q) theories. We carry out a Baseyian statistical bunch of tests relying upon background data. These include Type Ia supernovae luminosities and direct Hubble data (from cosmic clocks), along with cosmic microwave background shift and baryon acoustic oscillations data. Our discussion is multifaceted and we focus on comparisons with the (concordance) ΛCDM setup. Our results indicate that at the current precision level the best fits of the f(Q) models explored do not make them really observationally preferred.

Speaker: Ruth Lazkoz

mirror-copia-copia.pdf

11:40 → 11:55 Stars in modified gravity

I will briefly present the recent works related to effects of modified gravity on particular matter properties, such as Fermi gas, specific heats and cooling processes.

Speaker: Aneta Wojnar (Complutense University of Madrid)

Wojnar_Lisbon2023_dark_stars.pdf

11:55 → 12:05 Modified Gravity in Stellar Physics

We investigate the non-trivial implications of modified gravity theories on stellar observables in the presence of stellar pressure anisotropies originating due to either stellar magnetic fields or stellar rotation. We demonstrate how one can constrain the modified gravity theories from such studies therein. We also develop an analytical formalism for studying slowly rotating stellar objects in any modified gravity theory in general.

Speaker: Mr Shaswata Chowdhury (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India)

ICDMS_Seminar.pdf

12:05 → 12:20 Tight constraints on Einstein-dilation-Gauss-Bonnet gravity from GW190412 and GW190814

Gravitational-wave (GW) data can be used to test general relativity in the highly nonlinear and strong field regime. Modified gravity theories such as Einstein-dilation-Gauss-Bonnet and dynamical Chern-Simons can be tested with the additional GW signals detected in the first half of the third observing run of Advanced LIGO/Virgo. Specifically, we analyze gravitational-wave data of GW190412 and GW190814 to place constraints on the parameters of these two theories. Our results indicate that dynamical Chern-Simons gravity remains unconstrained. For Einstein-dilation-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, we find $\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm EdGB}}\leq 0.40{\, \rm km}$ when considering GW190814 data, assuming it is a black hole binary. Such a constraint is improved by a factor of approximately $10$ in comparison to that set by the first Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog events.

Speaker: Dr Hai-Tian Wang (Peking University)

GW190814_EdGB.pdf

12:20 → 12:35 Scalarized neutron stars in massive scalar-tensor gravity: X-ray pulsars and tidal deformability

We investigated neutron stars (NSs) in scalar-tensor theories of gravity with spontaneous scalarization, exploring three classes of massive scalar-tensor theories and obtaining numerical solutions for slowly rotating NSs. These solutions were used to construct X-ray pulse profiles of hot spots on the surface of NSs, and we also calculated the tidal deformability for NSs with spontaneous scalarization, which was done for the first time with a massive scalar field. Our findings suggest that the I-Love universal relation between the moment of inertia and the tidal deformability deviates from that in GR, serving as a powerful test of GR. The class of scalar-tensor theories with the scalar field coupling to the Gauss-Bonnet invariant has drawn great interest since solutions of spontaneous scalarization were found for black holes in these theories. We studied rotating and tidally-deformed NSs in the scalar Gauss-Bonnet theory and found that while the mass, radius, and moment of inertia of spontaneously scalarized NSs show very moderate deviations from those of NSs in GR, the tidal deformability exhibits significant differences between the solutions in GR, and the I-Love universal relation breaks down in this theory.

Speaker: Prof. Lijing Shao (Peking University)

Lisbon_Shao.pdf

12:35 → 12:45 Effective Field Theory Approach to Gravitational Radiation From Binary Systems in Massive Scalar-Tensor Theory

With the rapid advancements in gravitational wave astronomy, performing precision tests of general relativity in the strong field regime become increasingly viable via e.g. observations of the inspiral waveform of binary systems. A natural modification to general relativity consists of coupling an additional scalar degree of freedom to curvature invariants, which generically leads to a fifth force being mediated by this scalar. I will present how an effective field theory can be constructed in order to systematically calculate corrections to the gravitational and scalar waveform generated by binary systems.

Speaker: Robin Fynn Diedrichs (Goethe University Frankfurt)

Diedrichs.pdf

12:45 → 14:25 Lunch

14:25 → 14:40 Black hole mergers in cubic gravity

The merging of two black holes is a notoriously difficult process to describe exactly. Nevertheless, the hindrances posed by gravity’s nonlinearity can be avoided by focusing on the strict extreme mass ratio limit, in which one of the black holes is infinitely larger than the other. Such an approach has been developed recently and applied within General Relativity to investigate the time evolution of event horizons melding, using nothing but elementary concepts in gravitational physics and simple integrations of geodesics. We apply this strategy to study black hole mergers in Einsteinian cubic gravity, in order to assess how the defining characteristics of the fusion process change as the gravitational theory is modified. In particular, we determine how the mergers’ duration, area increment, and rate of throat swelling change as the theory’s single coupling parameter is varied. The modified gravity theory under scrutiny possess long-lived microscopic black holes which might play the role of dark matter.

Speaker: Prof. Jorge Rocha

talk_ECGmergers.pdf

14:40 → 14:55 Black hole-wormhole collisions and the emergence of islands

We use ray-tracing techniques to determine the evolution of the event horizon of a large black hole that “gobbles” a tiny, traversable wormhole. The wormhole considered is described by the Ellis-Bronnikov space-time, which is a solution of modified gravity. This calculation has physical meaning in the extreme mass ratio limit. Two setups are considered: a single-mouth wormhole connecting two otherwise independent universes, and a double-mouth zero-length wormhole within the same universe. In the first setting it turns out that, at early times, there exist two disconnected horizons, one in each universe, which then merge as the wormhole falls into the large black hole. In the second setup, we observe the appearance of an `island', a region of spacetime that is spatially disconnected from the exterior of the black hole, but in causal contact with future null infinity. The island shrinks as time evolves and eventually disappears after sufficient time has elapsed, as compared to the distance between the two mouths. This provides a communication channel with the interior of the large black hole for a certain time interval. We compute numerically the lifetime of the island and verify that it depends linearly on the inter-mouth distance.

Speaker: Dr Antonia Frassino (University of Barcelona)

Talk_WH_BH_frassino.pdf

14:55 → 15:35 Heat transport by asymmetric dark matter in stars: beyond approximations

Two formalisms have traditionally been used to approximate the energy conducted by asymmetric dark matter that has been captured in stellar objects. These take opposing limits of the Boltzmann equation, and make approximations or extrapolations that are strictly incorrect. Using the first Monte Carlo simulations of heat transport in over 3 decades, we assess the accuracy of these schemes, and provide an updated prescription for self-consistently including such effects in stellar simulations.

Speaker: Aaron Vincent (Queen's University)

AaronLisbonDMStars.pdf

15:35 → 16:00 Coffee break

16:00 → 16:15 Finding Exotic Particles in Fireballs

Compact transients such as supernovae and binary neutron star mergers can produce enormous fluxes of exotic particles. One way to look for them is through fireballs, a dense expanding photon electron plasma formed when exotic particles escaping a compact source quickly decay to Standard Model particles. Fireballs produce a unique signal, allowing us to observe new parts of dark photon and axion parameter space. Fireball formation changes previously predicted signals from axions emitted by SN 1987a, and may generate new constraints on axions with masses between 1 MeV and 1 GeV based off of observations of the neutron star merger GW 170817.

Speaker: Melissa Diamond

Finding DM w Fireballs-12min.key

16:15 → 16:30 Accretion of self-interacting dark matter onto neutron stars

Accumulation of a sizable amount of dark matter in the interiors of neutron stars can significantly modify their observational properties and merger dynamics. If caused by accretion onto a neutron star, rate of such an accumulation is controlled by the strength of non-gravitational interaction of the dark matter particles with the neutron star matter. While the strength of interaction with baryonic matter is strongly constrained by the terestial experiments, self-interaction of dark matter is only limitted by the numerical simulations of the Bullet Cluster combined with the results from X-ray, strong lensing, weak lensing, and optical observations. It is demonsrated that self-inetraction of dark matter crusially impacts its accretion onto neutron stars and is able to provide a sizable amount of dark matter about a few percent of the total mass of a neutron star. More specifically, two models of self-interacting dark matter, which are consistent with the mentioned constraint on the corresponding cross-section, are considered. Modification of the neutron star properties due to the accretion of self-interacting dark matter is also discussed.

Speaker: Oleksii Ivanytskyi (University of Wroclaw)

Ivanytskyi.pdf

16:30 → 16:45 Dark matter evaporation from celestial bodies

Scatterings of galactic dark matter (DM) particles with the constituents of celestial bodies could result in their accumulation within these objects and could give rise to observable effects. Nevertheless, the finite temperature of the medium sets a minimum mass, the evaporation mass, that DM particles must have in order to remain trapped. DM particles below this mass are very likely to scatter to speeds higher than the escape velocity, so they would be kicked out of the capturing object and escape. In this talk, I will obtain the DM evaporation mass for all spherical celestial bodies in hydrostatic equilibrium and I will illustrate the critical importance of the exponential tail of the evaporation rate.

Speaker: Dr Sergio Palomares Ruiz (IFIC (CSIC-UV))

PalomaresRuiz_DMS_2023.pdf

16:45 → 16:55 Dark matter capture in Celestial objects: Effect of multi-scattering and light mediators

We revisit dark matter (DM) capture in celestial objects, including the impact of multiple scattering, and obtain updated constraints on the DM-proton cross-section using observations of white dwarfs. Considering a general form for the energy loss distribution in each scattering, we derive an exact formula for the capture probability through multiple scatterings. We employ these results to compute a “dark” luminosity (LDM), arising solely from the thermalized annihilation products of the captured dark matter. Demanding that LDM does not exceed the luminosity of the white dwarfs in the M4 globular cluster, we set a bound on the DM-proton cross-section, almost independent of the dark matter mass between 100 GeV and 1 PeV and mildly weakening beyond. This is a stronger constraint than those obtained by direct detection experiments in both large masses (M>5 TeV) and small mass (M<10 GeV) regimes. For dark matter lighter than 350 MeV, which is beyond the sensitivity of the present direct detection experiments, this is the strongest available constraint. Moving further, we also generalize the formalism for DM capture in celestial bodies to account for arbitrary mediator mass, and update the existing and projected astrophysical constraints on DM-nucleon scattering cross-section from observations of neutron stars. We show that the astrophysical constraints on the DM-nucleon interaction strength, which were thought to be the most stringent, drastically weaken for light mediators and can be completely voided.

Speaker: ARITRA GUPTA (IFIC)

DMcap_short.pdf

16:55 → 17:10 Using compact stars on Globular Clusters to constrain dark matter interactions

It has been argued that Globular Clusters can be originated as dwarf galaxies whose dark matter is then stripped through tidal interactions with the host galaxy. If that is the case, one can argue that, using compacts stars such as white dwarfs, and assuming that a dark matter component survived the stripping, it is possible to place constrains on dark matter interactions such as annihilation and scattering through observables such as the temperature of the stars. One important ingredient, is the dark matter density present in the GC, so far, only semi-analytical methods have been used to provide such value. In this work we revisit those limits using the stellar kinematics of the GC to place constraints on the dark matter density.

Speaker: Javier Israel Reynoso Cordova (University of Turin)

DarkMandStars.pdf

DarkMandStars.pptx

17:10 → 17:25 Gamma-ray flux limits from nearby brown dwarfs: Implications for dark matter annihilating into long-lived mediators.

Brown dwarfs (BDs) are celestial objects representing the link between the least massive main-sequence stars and giant gas planets. I will present a recent analysis (Bhattacharjee et al.,2023) where consider a sample of nine nearby ($<$ 11 pc distance), cold and old BDs and look for gamma-ray signal from the direction of these objects using 13 years of \textit{Fermi}-LAT data. In the absence of any gamma-ray excess, we set 95\% confidence level upper limits on the gamma-ray flux with a binned-likelihood approach.

I will then show how this null result can be used to constrain particle dark matter (DM). If the DM of the universe is constituted of particles with non-negligible couplings to the standard model, BDs may efficiently accumulate them through scatterings. DM particles eventually thermalize and can annihilate into light, long-lived, mediators which later decay into photons outside the BD.

Within this framework, we set a stacked upper limit on the DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross section at the level $\sim 10^{-38}$ cm$^{2}$ for DM masses below 10 GeV. Our limits are comparable to similar bounds from the capture of DM particles in celestial objects but have the advantage of covering a larger portion of the parameter space in mediator decay length and DM mass and being less affected by DM modeling uncertainties.

Reference:
Bhattacharjee et al.,2023 - ``Gamma-ray flux limits from brown dwarfs: Implications for dark matter annihilating into long-lived mediators'' -Pooja Bhattacharjee, Francesca Calore, and Pasquale Dario Serpico - Phys. Rev. D 107, 043012 – Published 10 February 2023

Speaker: Pooja BHATTACHARJEE

Lisbon_talk_Pooja_Bhattacharjee.pdf

Lisbon_talk_Pooja_Bhattacharjee.pptx

17:25 → 17:35 Constraints on the Size of Extra Compactified Dimensions from Compact Star Observations

Compact stars with Kaluza-Klein excitations are considered and
constraints on the size of compactified extra dimensions are
given.

The model is a static, spherically symmetric Kaluza-Klein-based
theory with one extra compactified dimension. A realistic equation of
state has been introduced and applied in order to reproduce compact
star observables. Comparison of the theoretical calculation with
available observational data led us to consequences on the size of extra
dimensions within the Kaluza-Klein framework.

Speaker: Anna Horvath

AnnaHorvath_DarkMatter2023.pdf

17:35 → 18:00 Concluding remarks and poster awards

Conveners: Ilídio Pereira Lopes (CENTRA-IST), Laura Sagunski, Violetta Sagun (University of Coimbra)

Closing_Session_ICDMS2023.pdf