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Intensity Limitations in Hadron Beams, 15 - 27 June 2025, Borovets, Bulgaria

→ Europe/Zurich
Hotel "RILA BOROVETS" Borovets, Bulgaria
Christine Vollinger (CERN), Frank Tecker (CERN)
Description

Pushing the Limits: Intensity Limitations in Hadron Beams

In collaboration with the Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, the CERN Accelerator School is organising a topical course on Intensity Limitations in Hadron Beams. 

An unprecedented intensity demand for hadron beams has become the norm today for a variety of particle accelerators from different fields. 

This CERN Accelerator School course explores the challenges of generating and maintaining high-intensity hadron beams, crucial for a variety of applications in fundamental research.

Achieving peak performance in these machines requires a deep understanding of the factors that can limit beam intensity. During a two weeks course, we will delve into the limitations which these beams encounter in both linear accelerators (linacs) and circular accelerators.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of these limitations, including:

  • Beam interactions with the surroundings: We'll examine how the beam interacts with its environment, starting from vacuum chambers and other accelerator components up to beam intercepting devices.
  • Wakefields and impedances: Learn about the electromagnetic fields generated by the beam itself and derive their impact on beam stability.
  • High-intensity instabilities: Explore the various instabilities that can arise in high-intensity beams, and understand how to mitigate them.
  • Space charge effects: Understand the impact of the beam's own electric charge on its dynamics.
  • Collective effects: Discover how the combined behaviour of particles in the beam can lead to complex phenomena.

The course also examines specific intensity limitations encountered in diverse applications, such as:

  • Neutron sources
  • Radioactive ion beams
  • Neutrino factories and muon colliders
  • Hadron colliders
  • Accelerator Driven Systems for energy production

Through a combination of lectures and case studies, you'll gain the knowledge and learn about the required tools to analyse, understand, and overcome intensity limitations in hadron beams.

Who can apply?

The course is aimed at 

  • postgraduate students in the accelerator domain (ie. minimum of Bachelor’s degree or equivalent)
  • employees in accelerator laboratories, university departments and companies manufacturing accelerator equipment
  • engineers and scientists with a few years’ experience in accelerator physics, engineering, or related fields.

 

We welcome applications from all countries and nationalities. Applicants are responsible for ensuring that their registration fee and travel cost is covered by their home institute or employer, or, failing this, themselves. 

Early applicants will be given priority in the selection process. With a limited number of participants, we strongly advise you to apply early to secure your place. Waiting until the deadline may reduce your chances of being selected. Keep in mind that there is a limited number of single rooms available. Once the course is complete, we will close the registration. 

As usual, we will accept GRANT applications for participants from countries developing the accelerator field, which will otherwise have no possibility of taking part. Applications need to fulfil the same requirements as mentioned above. Further details can be found under ‘Apply for a Student Grant’.

Important dates

  • Friday 8 November 2024 - registration opens
  • Tuesday 1 April 2025 - Grant Registration deadline
  • Wednesday 30 April 2025 – final deadline for applications (unless course is fully booked)
  • Friday 2 May 2025- registration fee payment deadline
  • Sunday 15 June 2025 (afternoon/evening) - participants arrivals
  • Friday 27 June 2025 (morning) - departure
BUL Poster Vs2.pdf
Timetable_Int_Lim_2025_ver2.5.pdf
School administrator(s): Delphine Rivoiron and Maria Filippova
  • Sunday 15 June
    • 08:30 → 20:00
      Arrival day and registration 11h 30m
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Monday 16 June
  • Tuesday 17 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      Bench Measurements and Simulations of Beam Coupling Impedance 1h
      Speaker: Prof. Andrea Mostacci (Sapienza University of Rome (IT))
      2025_Impedance_Measurements_Simulations_out.pdf
      2025_Impedance_Measurements_Simulations_out.pptx
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Lattice design for high intensity rings 1h
      Speaker: Yannis Papaphilippou (CERN)
      high_intensity_lattice.pdf
      high_intensity_lattice.pptx
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Space Charge Effects in Linacs 1h 5m

      High-intensity hadron linacs stand at the forefront of accelerator science, delivering the beam brilliance required by spallation sources, neutrino factories, and future colliders. Yet the same space-charge forces that enable high current and brightness can degrade beam quality, drive instabilities, and impose stringent intensity limits. This lecture offers a concise roadmap for understanding—and ultimately mitigating—these constraints.
      After a brief physical motivation, we develop the theory from first principles. Starting with Maxwell’s equations in the beam rest frame, we derive the self-consistent Poisson–Vlasov system and recover the classical four-dimensional Kapchinskij–Vladimirskij (KV) solution. Step by step, participants trace how the KV distribution leads to the envelope equations and to practical metrics such as tune depression.
      We then move beyond this ideal model to realistic beam distributions, examining both analytical treatments and numerical approaches, notably particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Numerical integration techniques will be explored further in a companion lecture—“Numerical Methods in High-Intensity Linacs”—which delves into solving the complex collective dynamics, such as space-charge forces, encountered in modern accelerators.

      Speaker: Emanuele Laface (ESS)
      CAS 2025 Bulgaria - Space Charge.pdf
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Sources and Low Energy Beam Transfer 1h
      Speaker: Daniel Charles Faircloth (ISIS)
      Sources_LEBT_Faircloth_CAS_2025.pdf
    • 14:55 → 15:55
      Neutron Sources 1h

      This lecture reviews the evolution of neutron sources from early fission reactors to present-day accelerator-based spallation facilities. The physical principles of neutron production, moderation, and detection are introduced, together with the technological developments that have led to the current generation of high-brightness sources. The characteristics and performance of major facilities—ILL, SINQ, SNS, J-PARC, CSNS, and the European Spallation Source (ESS)—are compared, illustrating progress in target design, moderation concepts, and accelerator capability. Particular emphasis is placed on the ESS, a 5 MW, 2 GeV superconducting proton linac coupled to a rotating tungsten target, designed to deliver the highest long-pulse neutron brightness worldwide. Applications ranging from condensed matter and life sciences to energy research, cultural heritage, and fundamental physics are discussed.

      Speaker: Mamad Eshraqi (ESS - European Spallation Source ERIC (SE))
      M_Eshraqi_CAS_neutron_sources.pdf
      neutron_sources_abstract..txt
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders 1h
      Speaker: Chris Rogers (ISIS)
      2025-06-15_cas-muons-collective-effects-v3.pdf
    • 17:30 → 20:00
      Poster session 2h 30m
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Wednesday 18 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      High-Intensity linac beam-dynamics 1h

      In this lecture we describe the components of a high intensity linac starting from the source to the high energy end. Then for each component we will see the mechanism that limit the intensity and the possible mitigations.

      Speaker: Alessandra Lombardi (CERN)
      intensitylimitationinhadronlinacs.pdf
      intensitylimitationinhadronlinacs.pptx
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Numerical methods in high-intensity linacs 1h

      Numerical methods were historically developed to tackle equations that resist analytical solutions—first in celestial mechanics, where the complexity of planetary orbits defied closed-form answers, and today in modern physics applications such as particle accelerators. In high-intensity linacs, many collective effects, foremost among them space charge, give rise to nonlinear dynamics that are analytically intractable and must be addressed through numerical integration.
      This lecture provides an overview of the key numerical techniques used to model beam dynamics in particle accelerators. We will review classical methods such as Runge–Kutta and Störmer–Verlet, examining their strengths and limitations in the context of multi-particle tracking and self-consistent field evolution.
      The focus will then shift to geometric integration methods, which are specifically designed to preserve fundamental physical invariants of Hamiltonian systems, such as phase-space volume and symplectic structure. Among these, we will highlight Lie operator splitting techniques and the Yoshida symplectic integrator, discussing their derivation, implementation, and practical advantages in accelerator simulations.

      Speaker: Emanuele Laface (ESS)
      CAS 2025 Bulgaria - Numerical Methods.pdf
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Linac Instabilities + mitigations 1h 5m

      In this lecture we describe the components of a high intensity linac starting from the source to the high energy end. Then for each component we will see the mechanism that limit the intensity and the possible mitigations.

      Speaker: Alessandra Lombardi (CERN)
    • 12:15 → 13:20
      Space Charge in Circular Machines 1h 5m

      Space charge is one of the main limiting factors for low-energy and high-brightness machines. The course approaches space charge from the incoherent perspective to showcase how effects such as the space charge tune spread and the space charge driven resonances can appear in a circular machine. Furthermore, the concept of periodic resonance crossing and its impact on the beam characteristics is discussed. In addition, some of the existing techniques for mitigations are presented. Finally, different ways of simulating the space charge effect are introduced.

      Speaker: Foteini Asvesta (CERN)
      spaceChargeRings.pdf
      spaceChargeRings.pptx
    • 13:20 → 14:45
      Lunch 1h 25m
    • 14:45 → 17:30
      Free study time 2h 45m
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Thursday 19 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      Transverse HI ring beam-instabilities + mitigations I 1h

      Several applications of circular hadron accelerators require intense beams, yet the interaction of the charged particles with their surroundings leads to a variety of self-destructing mechanisms, so-called beam instabilities, severly limitating to the performance of the machines. In this lecture, we focus on issues arising in the transverse. We will review the most common instability mechanisms, the existing models as well as current strategies to stabilize them through Landau damping with active feedback systems.

      Speaker: Xavier Buffat (CERN)
      2025_CAS_InstabilitiesHadron_part1.pdf
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Cyclotrons 1h
      Speaker: Mike Gerd Seidel (PSI)
      Cyclotrons_High_Intensity.pdf
      Cyclotrons_High_Intensity.pptx
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Transverse HI ring beam-instabilities + mitigations II 1h 5m

      Several applications of circular hadron accelerators require intense beams, yet the interaction of the charged particles with their surroundings leads to a variety of self-destructing mechanisms, so-called beam instabilities, severly limitating to the performance of the machines. In this lecture, we focus on issues arising in the transverse. We will review the most common instability mechanisms, the existing models as well as current strategies to stabilize them through Landau damping with active feedback systems.

      Speaker: Xavier Buffat (CERN)
      2025_CAS_InstabilitiesHadron_part2.pdf
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Diagnostics in High Intensity Beams I 1h

      Performant beam diagnostics are essential for the successful operation of high-current accelerator facilities, to achieve its design parameters. The usage of standard and advanced beam instrumentation is reviewed. In the first part of the lecture, the methods beam current, transverse profile, and emittance are presented. Invasive diagnostics, such as screens, wire scanners, and grids, may be destroyed by the high beam power; hence, the use of non-invasive types, such as Ionisation Profile Monitors and beam-induced fluorescence, is beneficial. Given the significant non-linear effects present in high-current beams, special emphasis is placed on emittance measurement using tomographic reconstruction methods.

      Speaker: Peter Forck (GSI)
      Diagnostics 1 CAS2025 IntLimits Forck.pdf
      Diagnostics 1 CAS2025 IntLimits Forck.pptx

      Performant beam diagnostics are a crucial requirement for the operation of a high-current facility to achieve its design parameters. The usage of standard and advanced beam instrumentation is reviewed. In the first part of the lecture, the methods beam current, transverse profile, and emittance are presented. Invasive diagnostics, such as screens, wire scanners, and grids, may be destroyed by the high beam power; hence, the use of non-invasive types, such as Ionisation Profile Monitors and beam-induced fluorescence, is beneficial. Due to the significant non-linear contributions for high-current beams, the emittance determination is discussed with the focus on tomographic reconstruction.

    • 14:55 → 15:55
      Electron Cloud 1h
      Speaker: Lotta Mether (CERN)
      Borovets_Electron_cloud.pdf
      Borovets_Electron_cloud.pptx
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Diagnostics in High Intensity Beams II 1h

      The second part of the lecture focuses on the principles, technical implementation, and application of Beam Position Monitors (BPMs). The expected signal shape is derived and illustrated for a representative use case, providing guidance for proper interpretation and application. BPMs enable the evaluation of the transverse position of beam bunches with time resolutions ranging from individual bunch-by-bunch measurements to millisecond-scale averages. In synchrotron applications, the closed orbit -measured on the millisecond timescale- is determined and utilized as input for feedback systems to mitigate external disturbances and power supply fluctuations. By interpreting the bunch position as representative of a "macro-particle," key beam parameters such as tune, beta function, dispersion, and chromaticity can be extracted. For high-current operation, spectral modifications due to tune shifts and tune spread are briefly addressed. The lecture concludes with a concise overview of bunch length measurement techniques and the role of Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) in machine protection and diagnostics.

      Speaker: Peter Forck (GSI)
      Diagnostics 2 CAS2025 IntLimits Forck.pdf
      Diagnostics 2 CAS2025 IntLimits Forck.pptx
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Friday 20 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      Intrabeam Scattering 1h

      Intrabeam scattering refers to the effects of the Coulomb interaction acting between pairs of charged particles within a bunch in an accelerator. One of the main consequences of intrabeam scattering is a change in the emittances of a bunch: in some circumstances (in particular, in hadron storage rings operating above transition), the transverse and longitudinal emittances may grow over time without limit. This may restrict the performance of machines for which maintaining low beam emittance is an important requirement. In this lecture, we will look at some of the models used to analyse the effects of intrabeam scattering and consider in particular the Piwinski formulae for the emittance growth rates. Predicted changes in emittance will be compared with measurements in a number of machines operating in different parameter regimes.

      Speaker: Prof. Andrzej Wolski (University of Liverpool)
      Intrabeam Scattering - Animations Off.pdf
      Intrabeam Scattering - Animations On.pdf
      Intrabeam Scattering - Notes.pdf
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Beam-Beam Effects in Hadron Colliders 1h

      The electromagnetic interaction of the two beams on each other, so-called beam-beam force, is one of the main limitations in view of reaching the highest luminosity. In this lecture, we cover the main models to describe the beam-beam effect that drive the design of modern colliders as well as various strategies to push the performance beyond existing machines.

      Speaker: Xavier Buffat (CERN)
      2025_CAS_BeamBeam.pdf
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      FFAs 1h 5m
      Speaker: Mike Gerd Seidel (PSI)
      FFA_Seidel_wo.pdf
      FFA_Seidel_wo.pptx
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Longitudinal HI ring beam-instabilities + mitigations I 1h
      Speaker: Ivan Karpov (CERN)
      CAS_ILHB_20062025_IK_part1.pdf
      CAS_ILHB_20062025_IK_part1.pptx
    • 14:55 → 15:55
      Sustainability for High-Intensity Machines 1h
      Speaker: Mike Gerd Seidel (PSI)
      Sustainability_HighI_Seidel.pdf
      Sustainability_HighI_Seidel.pptx
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Longitudinal HI ring beam-instabilities + mitigations II 1h
      Speaker: Ivan Karpov (CERN)
      CAS_ILHB_20062025_IK.pdf
      CAS_ILHB_20062025_IK.pptx
    • 17:30 → 18:15
      CST installation check 45m
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Saturday 21 June
    • 09:00 → 19:00
      Excursion 10h
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Sunday 22 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      Numerical methods in high-intensity rings 1h
      Speaker: Alexandre Lasheen (CERN)
      all_in_one.zip
      menu.css
      Numerical methods in high intensity rings.html
      Numerical methods in high intensity rings.pdf
      media
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Particle Matter interaction 1h

      This lecture introduces key concepts in particle-matter interactions, including cross sections, mean free path, and their relation to interaction probabilities. Photon and charged particle interactions are covered, followed by nuclear interactions of hadrons. The main features of electromagnetic and hadronic showers initiated by high-energy projectiles are then presented. The lecture concludes with an introduction to Monte Carlo codes for modelling radiation-matter interactions, and a first look at LHC-type radiation showers.

      Speaker: Dr Giuseppe Lerner (CERN)
      GL_lecture_radiation_matter_interactions.pdf
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Cryogenics 1h 5m

      The main objective of this CERN Accelerator School course on cryogenics is to give a better understanding about the importance of having an accurate modelling of the interactions between the cryogenics and the high intensity hadron beams at the design stage of superconducting accelerators to avoid operation limitation once the machine is operated.
      After a summary about the basic cryogenic concepts, the main cryogenic challenges for the superconducting hadron accelerators are introduced and discussed. A focus is made on the beam-induced heat loads produced on the beam screens with their impact on the cryogenic system. It concerns synchrotron radiation, impedance effects and electron clouds phenomena. Then, this course is intended to introduce the possible limitations that can occur between the high intensity hadron beams and the cryogenics, and how these limitations can be anticipated and mitigated. As examples, several use cases are presented at the end using the CERN accelerators that are under operation (LHC), under construction (HL-LHC) and under study (FCC-hh).

      Speaker: Benjamin Bradu (CERN)
      2025_06_22_CAS_Cryogenics_Bradu.pdf
      2025_06_22_CAS_Cryogenics_Bradu.pptx
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Beam loss Mechanisms + Machine Protection 1h

      This session provides an introduction on what can possibly go wrong when operating a particle accelerator and how to prevent this from happening.
      Depending on the type of machine and type of particles used, the damage potential can be insignificant or significant, leading to different mitigative measures required to reduce the likelihood of accidents to occur.
      We will present a list of criteria that can be used to determine a comprehensive strategy for protecting the machine from damage.
      Further, we will explain how to develop a machine protection strategy and how to implement relevant principles accordingly by providing hands-on examples, covering the full life cycle from early concept, to detailed design, to construction, early commissioning, as well as operation and maintenance of a machine.

      Speaker: Annika Nordt (European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden)
      CAS-2025-06-Borovets-ANordt.pdf
    • 14:55 → 15:55
      Beam Loss consequences 1h

      This lecture examines beam losses in high-energy particle accelerators and their implications for machine infrastructure, reliability, and safe operation. Following an introduction to the mechanisms and primary sources of beam loss, we explore their consequences in detail, focusing on three key areas: equipment and magnet damage, Radiation to Electronics (R2E), and Radiation Protection (RP). The discussion is grounded in operational experience from CERN’s accelerator complex, with particular emphasis on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as a case study. We conclude with an outlook on beam loss challenges at future collider projects, covering the electron-positron stage of the Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) and the muon collider

      Speaker: Dr Giuseppe Lerner (CERN)
      GL_lecture_beam_loss_consequences.pdf
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Beam Loading 1h

      Radio-frequency (RF) systems in particle accelerators are usually designed to transfer energy to the beam or to define its longitudinal structure. However, charged particles passing through an RF cavity induce a voltage which acts back on themselves and on subsequent particles. The additional contribution of the beam to the cavity voltage moreover changes the effective properties of the RF system and is generally referred to as beam loading. The fundamental theorem of beam loading is introduced to derive the effect of a single bunch passage through an RF cavity. The choice of the cavity parameters, notably shunt impedance divided by quality factor, plays an important role to reduce the beam induced voltage. Extending the single bunch case to the periodic passage of bunches allows to calculate the steady state cavity detuning due to beam loading for a continuous bunch pattern. Special emphasis is given to the partially filled ring, with gaps in the filling pattern, which is the most common case of transient beam loading in electron and hadron synchrotrons.

      Speaker: Heiko Damerau (CERN)
      BeamLoading.pdf
      BeamLoading.pptx
    • 17:30 → 18:00
      Case study Introduction 30m
      Speakers: Alexandre Lasheen (CERN), Christine Vollinger (CERN), Heiko Damerau (CERN), Jake Flowerdew, Leandro Intelisano, Michela Neroni
      Intensity Limitations CAS 2025 Hands-on.pdf
      Intensity Limitations CAS 2025 Hands-on.pptx
      Beam induced heating
      CST simulations
      Python Cheat Sheet
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Monday 23 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      RFQ + Cavities (NC + SC) 1h

      This lecture introduces the fundamental principles and practical aspects of radiofrequency (RF) cavities in particle accelerators, with emphasis on their role in overcoming intensity limitations in hadron beams. Starting from the historical development of early accelerators, the presentation traces the evolution of RF acceleration, outlines the theoretical foundations, and describes the essential technologies. Special attention is given to the Radiofrequency Quadrupole (RFQ), a key structure for low-energy hadron acceleration, with design principles illustrated through the ESS RFQ and the ISIS FETS RFQ as physics and engineering case studies. Practical cavity designs are reviewed for both normal-conducting structures and superconducting cavities. Real-world examples are discussed from facilities including ESS, CERN, and ISIS

      Speaker: Ciprian Plostinar (ESS)
      introduction_to_rf_cavities_abstract.docx
      introduction_to_rf_cavities_abstract.pdf
      Introduction_to_RF_cavities_CAS_23_june_2025.pdf
      Introduction_to_RF_cavities_CAS_23_june_2025.pptx
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Beam Based Impedance Measurements 1h
      Speaker: Alexandre Lasheen (CERN)
      all_in_one.zip
      Beam Based Impedance Measurements.html
      Beam Based Impedance Measurements.pdf
      menu.css
      media
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      RF design for high- intensity 1h 5m

      This lecture addresses the design of radiofrequency (RF) cavities for high-intensity hadron accelerators. Beginning with an overview of the global demand for high-power proton beams and their applications, the talk outlines the full design process for RF cavities, from requirements definition to optimisation. Key design considerations are discussed in the context of beam loading, higher-order modes, thermal management, coupling and tuning, multipacting, radiation effects, and long-term reliability. Figures of merit such as accelerating gradient, transit time factor, quality factor, shunt impedance, and the Kilpatrick limit are presented as essential parameters guiding cavity optimisation. The lecture then illustrates the optimisation process for both normal-conducting drift tube linac (DTL) cavities and superconducting elliptical cavities, highlighting trade-offs between efficiency, stability, and manufacturability. Practical demonstrations with simulation tools such as SuperFish and CST are included, as well as a real-world live demonstration from the European Spallation Source (ESS).

      Speaker: Ciprian Plostinar (ESS)
      RF_cavity_design_CAS_23_june_2025.pdf
      RF_cavity_design_CAS_23_june_2025.pptx
      rf_cavity_design_for_high_intensity_abstract.docx
      rf_cavity_design_for_high_intensity_abstract.pdf
      CST
      SuperFish
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 15:45
      Case studies 2h
      Speakers: Alexandre Lasheen (CERN), Christine Vollinger (CERN), Heiko Damerau (CERN), Jake Flowerdew, Leandro Intelisano, Michela Neroni
      Content
      CST tutorial SPS wire scanners.pdf
      CST tutorial SPS wire scanners.pptx
    • 15:45 → 16:15
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:15 → 18:15
      Case studies 2h
      Speakers: Alexandre Lasheen (CERN), Christine Vollinger (CERN), Heiko Damerau (CERN), Jake Flowerdew, Leandro Intelisano, Michela Neroni
      Content
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
    • 21:00 → 23:00
      Cinema event 2h
  • Tuesday 24 June
    • 08:30 → 12:15
      Free study time 3h 45m
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Collimation 1h

      Collimation systems are essential in particle accelerators to safely and efficiently manage unavoidable beam losses during operation. These systems rely on collimators which are specially designed movable jaws or absorbers positioned close to the beam envelope to intercept and localize beam losses. Their role is particularly critical in high-intensity hadron machines, where uncontrolled losses can lead to equipment damage or operational downtime. While the specific requirements vary across accelerator types, circular accelerators, especially present and future high-energy colliders, cannot function safely without a well-optimized collimation system. This lecture offers an overview of the fundamental principles, design challenges and operational strategies for beam collimation, with emphasis on high-intensity hadron accelerators. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most advanced example to date, will serve as the main reference for illustrating state-of-the-art collimation approaches and technologies.

      Speaker: Nuria Fuster Martinez (IFIC)
      CASCollimationNuria.pdf
      CASCollimationNuria.pptx
    • 14:55 → 16:00
      Vacuum Issues 1h 5m

      Beam dynamics and stability define the requirements on the vacuum static and dynamic pressure inside an accelerator. High intensity beams may however strongly impact the dynamic pressure, through phenomena such as electron cloud, photon and ion induced desorption. The lecture will present these phenomena and mitigation measures that are typically used in particle accelerators. In a second part of the lecture, we will also introduce the direct effect of high-intensity beams on vacuum components, via resistive wall heating or induced resonances, including their effect on the dynamic pressure. This second part will be object of the case study on the next day.

      Speaker: Sergio Calatroni (CERN)
      Vacuum Issues v3.pdf
      Vacuum Issues v3.pptx
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Injection, Extraction I 1h

      High-intensity hadron beams underpin the CERN physics programme, enabling discovery at frontiers like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as well as through the diverse programme on the injector complex. However, transferring and preserving these beams impose strict demands on injection and extraction systems to maintain brightness and ensure reliable machine operation. Drawing upon extensive operational experience and recent developments within the CERN accelerator complex, this lecture provides a comprehensive overview of beam transfer techniques tailored for high-energy synchrotrons.

      The presentation begins by establishing the fundamental principles of beam transfer, with a focus on high-intensity hadron beam challenges. Building on these concepts, the lecture explores advanced beam manipulation schemes employed at CERN. These sophisticated methods allow for precise control over phase space density and extraction dynamics, utilising novel capture and resonance mechanisms to maximise efficiency and minimise beam losses.

      Finally, the lecture addresses the specific intensity limitations encountered in modern machines. Key topics include machine protection challenges at the LHC, mitigation of beam losses through crystal shadowing, and the management of hardware constraints such as beam-induced RF heating and impedance in kicker systems.

      Speaker: Yann Dutheil (CERN)
      CAS_adv_high_intensity_inj_ext_2025 - part1.pdf
      CAS_adv_high_intensity_inj_ext_2025 - part1.pptx
    • 17:30 → 18:00
      Case study Introduction 30m
      Speakers: Benoit Salvant (CERN), David Amorim (EPFL), Elena De La Fuente Garcia (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (ES)), Ingrid Mases Sole (Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)), Patrick Krkotic, Sergio Calatroni (CERN)
      CAS case studies introduction.pdf
      CAS case studies introduction.pptx
      CAS hands-on v4.pdf
      CAS hands-on v4.pptx
      Transverse Beam Dynamics
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Wednesday 25 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      Beam Intercepting devices 1h
      Speaker: Antonio Perillo Marcone (CERN)
      aperillo__BID_Lecture1.pptx
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Injection, Extraction II 1h
      Speaker: Yann Dutheil (CERN)
      CAS_adv_high_intensity_inj_ext_2025 - part2.pdf
      CAS_adv_high_intensity_inj_ext_2025 - part2.pptx
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Ions 1h 5m

      Ions provided by accelerators are used in fields like atomic and nuclear physics, material science, medical applications and high energy collisions. The lecture will focus on specific aspects of ion acceleration which are limiting the availability of high intensity ion beams. One aspect is the interaction of ions with matter in the course of the acceleration process. Methods like beam cooling, beam accumulation and deceleration are applied in order to provide ions according to the request by experiments. Due to the high charge of the ions they experience stronger Coulomb interaction resulting in high intrabeam scattering rates and strong space charge effects.

      Speaker: Markus Steck (GSI)
      CAS2025_ions_MSteck.pdf
      CAS2025_ions_MSteck.pptx
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 15:45
      Case studies 2h
      Speakers: Benoit Salvant (CERN), Chiara Antuono, David Amorim (EPFL), Elena De La Fuente Garcia (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (ES)), Ingrid Mases Sole (Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)), Patrick Krkotic, Sergio Calatroni (CERN)
      Case Study - VNA.pdf
      Case Study - VNA.pptx
      DR_calculations.xlsx
      SurfaceImpedance_by_PK.pdf
      Two-layers.xlsx
      WM_bench_meas_CA.pdf
      WM_bench_meas_CA.pptx
      Transverse Beam Dynamics
    • 15:45 → 16:15
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:15 → 18:15
      Case studies 2h
      Speakers: Benoit Salvant (CERN), Chiara Antuono, David Amorim (EPFL), Elena De La Fuente Garcia (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (ES)), Ingrid Mases Sole (Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)), Patrick Krkotic, Sergio Calatroni (CERN)
      Transverse Beam Dynamics
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Dinner 2h
  • Thursday 26 June
    • 08:30 → 09:30
      HI radioactive ion beams 1h

      Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB) have been produced for the past 70 years across a wide range of facilities, first based on the isotope mass separation online (ISOL) technique, and later by In-Flight (IF) fragmentation technique. While different new facilities spread across all continents, CERN has hosted some early facilities, and the longest one still in operation, ISOLDE, since 1964. It also hosts CERN-MEDICIS, a batch mode isotope mass separation facility, aiming at high radionuclide activities, and hence high RIB intensities. High Intensity can adopt a large range of definition in our field, which will depend to a large extend of the type of radionuclides and the accelerator used and accelerator chain to produce the desired beams. Intensities as low as a few ion/min (eg zeptoA) to few 1e9 ion/s (eg nanoA) produced online, or a few 1e12ion/s (eg microA) theoretically expected for online, or experimental long-lived, isotope production can all be considered “High Intensity”. This wide range of orders of magnitudes originate from the intrinsic limitations related to the isotope production in the target, to efficiencies related to their ionization and acceleration, to the sometimes-short-half-life of the considered radionuclides, and to the difficulty to handle and maintain facilities with significant radiological risks. The lecture will give a general introduction of these different elements and provide a range of selected examples thus illustrating the present state of the art of the field of “High Intensity” HI-RIB production.

      Speaker: Thierry Stora (CERN)
      CAS_HI_RIB_Jun25.pdf
      CAS_HI_RIB_Jun25.pptx
    • 09:40 → 10:40
      Operation + Maintenance issues 1h
      Speaker: Antonio Perillo Marcone (CERN)
      aperillo__BID_Lecture2.pptx
    • 10:40 → 11:10
      Coffee break 30m
    • 11:10 → 12:15
      Cooling of high- intensity beams 1h 5m

      Beam cooling has been developed to produce beams of superior beam quality and to support the preparation of high intensity hadron beams. A general introduction into the methods of electron cooling and stochastic cooling will provide the basis to explain the properties of cooled beams. Beam cooling supports the accumulation of high intensity secondary or heavy ion beams. The intensity is limited by reduction of the beam phase space volume which results in stronger intrabeam scattering, instabilities and space charge dominated beams. The cooling technology is presently extended towards higher beam energies aiming at luminosity increase in colliders.

      Speaker: Markus Steck (GSI)
      CAS2025_cooling_MSteck-new.pdf
      CAS2025_cooling_MSteck-new.pptx
      CAS2025_cooling_MSteck.pdf
      CAS2025_cooling_MSteck.pptx
    • 12:15 → 13:45
      Lunch 1h 30m
    • 13:45 → 14:45
      Hadron Colliders 1h

      The talk will provide an overview of the hadron colliders built to date and the design and operational challenges that each of these machines has faced.
      Many of these are inherent to the ongoing effort to optimise the instantaneous and integrated luminosity of the machines, which inevitably leads to many technological challenges that must be met and overcome. We will summarise how these challenges have been successfully met in the past and present machines and outline the role they could play in ambitious future accelerator projects such as the HL-LHC upgrade and the FCC project.

      Speaker: Markus Zerlauth (CERN)
      CAS-Hadron-Colliders-June-2025.pdf
      CAS-Hadron-Colliders-June-2025.pptx
    • 14:55 → 16:00
      HI for Accelerator Driven Systems 1h 5m

      After presenting the motivation for an Accelerator Driven System (ADS), the requirements on the accelerator are derived.
      Using the MYRRHA project as example, the beam optics/dynamics design and operational concept of such an accelerator is discussed.
      Finally, the main technology choices and challenges are presented.

      Speaker: Mr Ulrich Dorda (SCK CEN)
      2025-06-26 - CAS - HI for Accelerator Driven Systems.pdf
      2025-06-26 - CAS - HI for Accelerator Driven Systems.pptx
    • 16:00 → 16:30
      Coffee break 30m
    • 16:30 → 17:30
      Closing 1h
      closing-int-lim2025-pres.pdf
      closing-int-lim2025-pres.pptx
    • 20:00 → 22:00
      Banquet 2h
  • Friday 27 June
    • 08:30 → 18:00
      Departure day 9h 30m
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