High-intensity linear accelerators have a wide range of applications, including driver for accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors, transmutation of nuclear waste, injectors for colliders, and spallation neutron sources. High-intensity linacs are designed to minimize the losses to increase component longevity and allow hands-on maintenance. Depending on the application, emittance growth and...
For the sterile neutrino experiment IsoDAR (Isotope Decay-At-Rest), we have developed a compact particle accelerator system delivering a 10 mA, continuous wave (cw) proton beam at 60 MeV to a neutrino production target. The accelerator comprises a compact isochronous cyclotron, an RFQ embedded in the cyclotron yoke, and an ion source. To reduce space charge effects during injection and...
The capability of the high intensity high charge state ion pulse production from light to medium-mass elements had been demonstrated by the laser ion source developed at IMP. Especially in terms of C6+ yield, the laser ion source can meet the requirements of cancer therapy facilities for filling the synchrotrons in a single turn injection mode. But for practical applications, the capability of...
Third generation ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion sources developed with high field, high frequency and high power technologies are aiming to produce intense highly charged ion beams for accelerators. Operating at 24~28 GHz, those ion sources have the potentials to be heated with microwave power of ~10 kW which is essential for the production of very high charge state ion beams....
To meet a beam power requirement of 400 kW for heavy ions, a high intensity 28 GHz superconducting ECR ion source is under development at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) in collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The magnet was built and tested at LBNL and integrated into the ion source cryostat on the FRIB high voltage platform. Magnet cooldown to 4.2K was...
Fundamental studies of excitation and non-linear evolution of kinetic instabilities of strongly non-equlibrium hot plasmas confined in open magnetic traps suggest new opportunities for fine-tuning of conventional electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) widely used for generation of high charge state ions. We report on experiments with a 14 GHz ECRIS , in which adopting the new...
AISHa is an ECR ion source operating at INFN-LNS designed taking into account the typical requirements of hospital facilities, where the key issues are the source reliability optimization and fast maintenance operations together with low ripple, high stability and high reproducibility of the beams produced.
In the framework of the IRPT and INSpIRIT projects and in collaboration with CNAO,...
A duoplasmatron ion source with the carbon plasma electrode has successfully produced poly-atomic carbon ions up to C$_6^+$. The intermediate electrode has six holes to guide cathode plasma to the carbon discharge anode performing as the plasma electrode. A 1 mm diameter extraction hole is opened at the center of the carbon plasma electrode, where is no exposure to the plasma from the...
MedAustron is a synchrotron-based Particle Therapy Accelerator located in lower Austria which delivers clinical proton and carbon beams in the range of 62-252.7 MeV/u and 120-400 MeV/u respectively in two treatment rooms. A proton Gantry was recently commissioned in a third clinical treatment room and a fourth experimental beamline is dedicated to non-clinical research activities. Within the...
Recently the ELIMAIA (ELI Multidisciplinary Applications of laser-Ion Acceleration) beamline has been installed at ELI-Beamlines in the Czech Republic. The main goal of ELIMAIA is to offer short ion bunches accelerated by lasers with high repetition rate to users from different fields (physics, biology, material science, medicine, chemistry, archaeology) and, at the same time, to demonstrate...
The CMU High Precision Trap (CHIP-TRAP) mass spectrometer at Central Michigan University will be used to perform precise mass measurements on stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes. As part of this project, we have developed a Penning Ion Trap (PIT) source capable of producing singly-charged, low intensity, ion bunches (~ 100s to 1000s of ions) from gaseous species with pulse widths of ~1...
GANIL Facility delivers ion beams from Proton to Uranium up to 95MeV/A. The cyclotron facility provide stable (since 1983) and Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB) (since 2001) for Physics experiments. R&D of new stable and RIB beams are steadily under progress matching physicist requirements.
The SPIRAL1 facility was upgraded to extend its capabilities to RIB of condensable elements. After a new RIB...
The Consecutive Transients (CT) method has been developed to calculate the characteristic times of ionization, charge exchange and ion confinement within highly charged plasma of a Charge Breeder Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (CB-ECRIS). In the CT-method, 1+ ions are injected into the plasma in pulsed mode and fits are made to the resultant high charge state extraction current...
A negative hydrogen ion source is operated by injecting Cs to reduce the amount of coextracted electron current while maintaining large extraction current of negative hydrogen (H-) ions. The production efficiency of H- ions from the low work function Cs covered plasma grid (PG) surface should be heavily dependent upon the velocity distribution of hydrogen atoms (H0) striking the PG surface...
Electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is an important parameter that defines the processes of plasma confinement and ionization. Understanding such processes is crucial for the tuning of ion sources. In the ECR plasma, the EEDF takes a significantly non-Maxwellian shape that still remains unknown. As the continuation of this problem solving, the energy distributions of the electrons...
Based on experimentally obtained plasma parameters in ECRIS and theoretical considerations, it turned out the essential factor that is currently presumed to define the increase in multicharged ion current in ECRIS is not simply the density limit of ordinary wave and right-hand cut-off, but is also higher density one of left-hand cutoff in magnetic field. There are two response guidelines that...
The Canadian Rare isotope facility with Electron Beam ion source (CANREB) is an essential part of the Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) presently under construction. CANREB was recently commissioned at TRIUMF and can accept stable or rare isotope beams from a variety of ion sources, delivering high purity beams of highly charged ions (HCI) to experiments. The injected beams are bunched...
The accurate mass spectrometry (with resolution goal 1:20000) of exotic ions requests beams with low energy spread (goal is about 0.5 eVrms or lower) and low tranverse emittance; so it is necessary to cool ions produced by a spallation source of a factor from 5 to 10. In a radiofrequency (rf) quadrupole cooler (RFQC), collisions decrease ion kinetic energy, while rf and bias voltages confine...
The charge breeder of the SPIRAL1 (SP1CB) facility provided this year to physicists with new Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB) showing significantly improved performances. They were obtained thanks to studies conducted off-line with 1+ ion produced by FEBIAD and ECR ion sources. The SP1CB established its capability to boost efficiently condensable elements such as $^{19}\textsf{Fn}$+,...
Though known for their production of high currents of highly-charged ion beams, advanced electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources like VENUS at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) also generate significant numbers of x-rays. The LBNL ECR ion source group has spent many years studying the x-rays emitted from VENUS in order to gain a better understanding of the ECR plasma. Based...
A new ECR ion source extraction system has been designed. The design is based on the extraction conditions of the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS, and its performance is compared to the existing extractor. The new design aims to improve the beam formation and beam quality of high intensity ion beams.
The plasma and the puller electrodes shape was changed. The plasma electrode has a narrow tip extruding...
Tubular Electron String Ion Source(TESIS) is being developed to significantly increase ion output. Tubular electron beam is generated in electron string mode. Such configuration should make it possible to increase the electron trap capacity and, accordingly, the ion output.
Numerical results of modeling the motion of the beam for the design of electron optics are carried out. The experimental...
LION is a laser ion source to provide singly charged heavy ions of various species for RHIC-EBIS. Ion beams are used for RHIC physics experiments and for NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) quasi-simultaneously. The demands for beams are growing and more and more ion species are used due to unique capability of the sources. Ion species can be switched on a pulse-by-pulse basis not affected...
Ps-lasers have advantages for generation of low charge state ions compared to ns-lasers because the influence of heat conductivity on a solid target is negligible in the case of ps-laser ablation for laser pulse durations shorter than 10 ps. By using a laser with high rep-rate, it is possible to produce quasi continuous 1+ ion beams for periods up to tens of milliseconds, making it possible to...
The BATMAN Upgrade (BUG) test facility at IPP is contributing to the development of RF-driven H$^–$ sources towards the ITER neutral beam injection and beyond. BUG is equipped with an 1/8 size of the ITER NBI ion source and thus is highly flexible for setup changes or diagnostic access. The present strategy for BUG is aligned along two paths: (i) BUG is continued upgrading for long pulse...
The negative-ion beam source SPIDER, which is the full-scale prototype source for the ITER neutral beam injector, recently started the operation with caesium.
This experimental phase follows three years of volume operation, devoted to the commissioning of the plants and to the integrated test of the ion source and accelerator. The ion source, composed of eight RF drivers connected to a large...
ITER’s neutral beam injection (NBI) systems are based on generation of negative hydrogen ions in a caesiated RF-driven ion source, their electrostatic acceleration and neutralisation in a hydrogen gas target. The large ion source (0.9 m×1.9 m) with 1280 apertures has to deliver 57 A D− for 3600 s (286 A/m2) and 66 A H− for 1000 s (329 A/m2). The RF ion source test facilities ELISE and BUG at...
The plasma in RF driven negative hydrogen ion sources is sustained via inductive coupling with large power levels of up to 100 kW and low frequencies around 1 MHz. This leads to currents of around 100 A flowing over the RF coil and corresponding voltages in the kV range. The associated risk of arcing limits the reliability of the whole ion source. The required power level can be reduced via...
KAERI has recently developed a novel hydrogen ion source system for fusion and particle accelerator applications. The main feature of this system is the use of source pulsing based on the volume production mechanism to improve the efficiency. The pulsing is a method of modulating plasma power and so the electron energy, providing a favorable condition (the after-glow) for negative ion...
The shape of a negative ion emitting surface (plasma meniscus) near the extraction aperture is important for the beam quality of the H$^-$ ion beams from H- ion sources. A lot of H$^-$ surface-production cause the ion-ion sheath, which can affect meniscus shape. In this study, effects of H$^-$ surface-production and the ion-ion sheath structure on the meniscus are numerically investigated by...
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the world most powerful accelerator driven pulsed neutron source. A H- injector feeds the accelerator with the required high current (>50 mA) time structured (1ms, 60 Hz) H- beam. The injector consists of an RF-driven, Cs-enhanced H- ion source and an electrostatic low energy beam transport...
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a highly sensitive technique used for the analysis of long-lived radioisotopes. Such measurements are useful in geology, archeology, environmental tracer studies, nuclear waste monitoring, and nuclear forensics. The cesium-sputter negative-ion source acts as a sample injector and, in the cases of carbon-14, aluminum-26, and iodine-129, an isobar...
Two-dimensional Radiofrequency Quadrupole (RFQ) ion guides are versatile tools that are used over a wide range of ion energies. Properly tuned, they can provide an ideal environment for ion-molecule chemistry to proceed by allowing thermalized ions to react on-line with gaseous reactants. We exploit this capability in the Ion Reaction Cell (IRC), an RFQ-based system designed to form...
The thick-target ISOL (Isotope mass Separation OnLine) method provides beams of more than 1000 radionuclides of 74 elements. The method is well established for elements with sufficiently high volatility at up to ca. 2000 C. To extract elements with high melting or boiling points, the formation of a volatile molecule is required. While successful in some cases (e.g. carbon or boron), most of...
The CERN accelerator complex is served by several different types of hadron sources, producing both high- and low-intensity negative H- beams, highly charged positive stable ions, but also transforming low-charge radioactive ions to higher charges before post-acceleration. Apart from the operational sources, research and development is carried out at dedicated test stands for H- production and...
The ADIGE (Acceleratore Di Ioni a Grande carica Esotici) injector consists of an electrostatic 1+ beam line, equipped with ion sources able to produce a wide variety of beams, coupled to a magnetic beam line, where charge multiplication is accomplished by implementing an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) based charge breeder. The injector is totally integrated in the SPES (Selective...
Highly charged ion sources play an important role in the advancement of heavy-ion accelerators worldwide. Driven by the needs of 100 µs to ms pulsed highly-charged heavy ions for new and existing accelerators, the conceptual design of an Ion Trap for high-Intensity Pulsed beams (ITRIP) was proposed and the proof of principle test has been taken at IMP. The ITRIP is designed to accumulate and...
Energy recovery of residual ions may be needed to increase the energy efficiency of Neutral Beam (NB) injectors for fusion plants as DEMO while a deflection-based system has been proposed up to now to dump residual ions. As an alternative, a compact beam energy recovery system, based on space charge effects due to the residual ion deceleration into 2 Farady Cups (FC) with holes for D0 passage,...
This paper reports the first emittance measurement of the 160 MW/m2 high power density negative ion beam at target perveance condition of the ITER accelerator. Previously, the ITER requirement on grid heatloads at <5\% of the total acceleration power has been achieved but the aperture edges has been damaged limiting long pulse acceleration. To solve this issue, thermal imaging on 1D-CFC tiles...
A radio frequency (RF) based negative ion source was designed for the The Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) NNBI system. In order to understand the physics and pre-study the engineering problems, a prototype source with single driver and a three electrons accelerator was designed and developed. Furthermore, a negative ion source test facility were developed in the...
One possible way to optimize microwave coupling and plasma confinement in ECR Ion Sources is a revolutionary design strategy of plasma chambers, breaking the cylindrical symmetry. This contribution reports about the design and numerical validation of an innovative resonant cavity playing as plasma chamber of ECR ion sources. The new chamber, named IRIS (Innovative Resonators for Ion...
A 4th generation ECR ion source FECR is under development at IMP. Aiming to be operated with the microwave power of 20 kW at 45 GHz, FECR is equipped with a fully superconducting Nb3Sn magnet and conventional parts durable for high power ECR plasma heating and optimum for intense beam production and extraction. Breakthroughs on the Nb3Sn superconducting magnet, high power density plasma...
SEISM is a unique ECR ion source operating at a frequency of $60~\textsf{GHz}$. The prototype is based on a simple magnetic geometry, the CUSP, allowing the use of polyhelix coils (developed with LNCMI, Grenoble) to generate the closed ECR surface at $2.1~\textsf{T}$. The plasma is sustained by a high intensity HF pulse (up to $300~\textsf{kW}$). Previous experiments at LNCMI have successfully...
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), which is currently under construction at GSI accelerator center (Darmstadt, Germany), will provide wide opportunities for various scientific research programs in different branches. One of the key-elements for future FAIR experiments is uranium. After a commissioning phase it will be required up to 5∙1011 of U28+ ions per pulse at...
LAPECR3 ion source had been developed as the ion injector of Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) accelerator facility since 2009 year. The first HIMM demo facility was built in Wuwei city in 2015, and the facility had been officially licensed to treat patients in early 2020. More than 300 patients have been treated after about one year. In order to further improve the reliability of LAPECR3 ion...
In addition to the ongoing investigation of bremsstrahlung radiation produced by energetic electrons in the superconducting ECR ion source VENUS, the LBNL ion source group has pursued several other research topics since 2015 to explore potential advancements of ECR ion sources. Three of these activities are investigations into the benefits of non-cylindrical plasma chambers, the development of...
Four models of the PHOENIX ECR charge breeders were manufactured for ISOL application. Two are currently under operation at TRIUMF (ISAC) and GANIL (SPIRAL 1) while the SPES one is being installed on the facility. The last model is set on the LPSC 1+n+ test bench where a R&D program is ongoing to improve its performances. The last modifications consisted in improving the beam line vacuum and...
The ISIS Penning ion source is a cesiated pulsed DC discharge surface plasma source delivering 55 mA beam of H$^-$ ions in 250 μs pulses at 50 Hz pulse repetition rate. The constant H$^-$ output, i.e. <5% change, at constant discharge current implies that the cathode work function remains nearly unchanged during the beam current pulse in a wide range of cesium pressures and electrode...
A high power, high duty cycle, negative hydrogen ion source is in development at ISIS. It will operate in pure volume-production mode and is driven by a 6½-turn solenoid antenna mounted external to the plasma chamber. A solid-state amplifier with a maximum output of 100 kW in 50 Hz, 1 ms pulses delivers RF power to the antenna via an impedance-matching network. The amplifier has a relatively...
High brightness, negative hydrogen ion sources are used extensively in many scientific facilities operating worldwide. Negative hydrogen beams have become the preferred means of filling circular accelerators and storage rings. Several facilities now have long-term (>several years) experience with operating a variety of these sources (RF, filament, magnetron and penning) and have encountered,...
An RF driven negative hydrogen source is under development for the upgrade of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), which requires an H$^-$ beam current more than 50 mA, and a duty factor of 1.5%$\sim$2%. The ion source produces an H$^-$ beam of 20 mA without cesium injection. After it is cesiated, more than 60 mA H$^-$ beam is extracted. The emittance of the ion beam is measured both with a...
Improvement of the performance on a hydrogen/deuterium negative ion source for a nuclear fusion device are reported. In particular, the suppression of the co-extracted electron current, $I_{e}$, is an important issue to ensure the stable beam acceleration. Improvement of the $I_{e}$ has been confirmed by optimizing the magnetic field of the electron deflection magnet in the extraction grid....
The hollow meniscus shape in the multi-stage MeV-class accelerator for ITER was identified for the first time by the reverse trajectory calculation with the measured emittance. The molten traces due to the power deposition of the negative ion beam, which was not predicted by conventional particle tracking codes, were observed on the edge of a grounded grid after long pulse operation in a...
A high-voltage neutral beam injector, based on the acceleration of a negative hydrogen ion beam is under construction at the Institute of Nuclear Physics [1]. In contrast to the traditional scheme of the multiaperture negative ion source attached to the multiaperture accelerator tube it uses an original scheme with the single-aperture accelerator spaced apart from the multiaperture ion source....
Negative ion sources for neutral beam injection rely on surface production of negative ions on a caesiated low work-function surface (plasma grid). To maintain the low work function in long pulses (one hour) and the desired source performance (extracted H-/D- ions and limited co-extracted electrons), Cs needs to be constantly delivered onto the plasma grid. The CsFlow3D code was applied to the...
Optimization for beam focusing of negative ions is one of the important issues for developing neutral beam injector (NBI) for ITER. Low beam divergence less than 5 mrad has been realized with Filament-Arc (FA) type negative ion sources. On the other hand, the divergence with Radiofrequency (RF) type sources is over 2 times larger than that obtained with FA sources, and the ITER requirement on...
To simulate the non-linear evolution in ECRIS more accurately, Particle-in-cell (PIC) method is preferred as it takes both plasma collective feedbacks and particle kinetic effects into account. To ensure the convergence of PIC simulation, a set of rigorous stability conditions must be satisfied. It will be agreed that achieving an ECRIS simulation from the start-up to a stable CW operation is...
Faraday shield(FS) is a metallic shield with slits through which electromagnetic energy is coupled into cylindrical ICP sources. Thus, the effect of FS on the RF power coupling is important to the RF ion sources for fusion[1-2]. Based on the electromagnetic models considering only plasma[3] or FS[4], a 2D model considering both FS and plasma is proposed in this contribution. A long copper FS...
This paper introduces the development of a compact high-yield DD neutron generator in China Institute of Atomic Energy. The generator uses a 2.45 GHz high current ECR ion source to generate a 10 mA D beam. The experimental results show that the 200 keV beam energy can be reached. A copper drive-in target structure with water-cooled is adopted. The target surface does not need to be charged...
The RadioFrequency Quadrupole Direct Injection Project (RFQ-DIP) uses a filament-driven multicusp ion source to produce H2+. A Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) injects the beam from the ion source into the RFQ. The LEBT shapes the beam to the optimum input Twiss parameters for transmission through the RFQ while minimizing the emittance. The LEBT system has been designed...
The CERN ALPHA experiment makes precision measurements of antihydrogen atoms, confined in a superconducting magnetic minimum trap. Recent measurements of the antihydrogen spectrum have already provided high-resolution tests of fundamental symmetries, and ALPHA has now embarked on an ambitious upgrade programme aimed at directly comparing both hydrogen and antihydrogen within their existing...
$^{39}$Ar is a dispensable isotope in the research of climate and geology change of the earth with water or glacier dating in the range of 50~1000 years. But the very low abundance of 39Ar in the sample has made this technology hard to be widely used. We have successful developed a $^{39}$Ar enrichment system that can enhance the abundance of $^{39}$Ar in the enriched sample by a factor of...
Behavior of an electron beam with elliptical cross-section in longitudinal magnetic field is studied. This study may be important to predict the conditions of the ion beam formation in the ion sources like EBIS and ISIS with electron beams shaped as elliptical. The coupling of the particle oscillations in the solenoids changes the beam characteristics that may affect the area of the ion...
Dynamics of an axial-symmetric electron beam moving in a rarefied plasma is investigated analytically. The model based on Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky approach is applied, which is valid up to the beam currents near Alfven limit. In approximation of a quasi-neutral regime the nonlinear equation for the beam radius is solved, the results of its numerical integration are presented. The conditions of...
At TRIUMF, 1+ Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) of noble gases, halogens, and molecules are created using a Forced Electron Beam Induced Arc Discharge (FEBIAD) ion source. Reported ionization efficiencies for FEBIADs at other facilities range from 10% to 25% for 40Ar+, while TRIUMF-FEBIAD ionization efficiency is $<$ 1% with an emittance $<$ 15 um. As RIB ion sources aim for a high ionization...
Major issue toward stable and high power negative ion beams for ITER and JT-60SA is that a meniscus shape which dominates the negative ion beam trajectory is not sufficiently understood, and consequently, power deposition has not been correctly simulated. As a challenge to understand the meniscus inside an aperture with 14 mm in diameter, a laser Thomson scattering system, which has been...
Beam focusing is an important issue for application of negative ion beams. In particular, the beam focusing of RF type negative ion source for ITER has been intensively studied. Recently, the plasma fluctuation in the negative ion source is recognized to be able to affect the beam focusing.
In this study, the sheath stability was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is found...
Hydrogen plasma characterization was carried out in a large volume (dia~ 1.0 m, h~ 1.0 m) plasma chamber to evaluate efficacy of production of uniform, large-area H- beam for fusion applications. Up to seven Compact ECR Plasma Sources (CEPS; Indian Patent #301583, Patentee: IIT Delhi) can be mounted on the top dome of the chamber (one in center and six on a ~60 cm dia circle). Axially poled...
For simple applications, such as the calibration of a charged particle detector, a multi-MeV proton generator may be preferable to cyclotrons or electrostatic accelerators such as Van de Graaff generator. Thus, a compact proton generating system, consisting of NANOGAN$^\textsf{TM}$ and a deuterated polyethylene target, was developed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics at Osaka...
A study of hydrogen isotope effects on the negative ion source supports to development of the deuterium negative ion source based on the hydrogen negative ion source for the neutral beam injector. Comparison experiments between hydrogen and deuterium have been performed with the NIFS-RNIS on the NIFS-NBTS where low voltage can be applied on the extraction grid (extraction grid bias) in...
The multi-ion radiotherapy with dose distribution and Liner Energy Transfer optimization is being studied at QST. Helium, carbon, oxygen and neon ions are considered as ion species for multi-ion therapy. Requirement values of beam current were 940 µA correspond to He$^2$+, 290 µA to C$^4$+, 330 µA to O$^6$+, and 245 µA to Ne7+, respectively. We performed some beam tests for design of a new...
A new source for the TANDEM accelerator of LNS has been designed and installed. It is called NESTOR (Noble Elements Source for acceleraTORs) and consists of an ultra-compact ECR ion source operating at about 6 GHz, up to 40 W of RF power provided by a solid state power amplifier, coupled to a Li-Charge Exchange Cell (Li-CEC). It is engineered for the production of a wide range of $1^+$ and/or...
High resolution of mass separation is important to the radioactive isotopes on-line separation facilities. This specification often implies that energy desperation and emittance of beams are small. A method by buffer gas collisions under Radio Frequency Quadrupole RFQ to improve beam quality is a feasible way for radioactive ion beams. Due to the requirements of RIB’s high resolution mass...
A new High-Temperature Superconducting ECR (HTS-ECR) ion source is under development in Research Center for Nuclear Physics(RCNP), Osaka University, for production of high intensity proton, deuteron and helium ion beams. The HTS-ECR magnets are composed of three solenoid coils and a set of sextuple coils made of REBCO high-temperature superconductor. The HTS-ECR ion source was designed to...
In the ion source, various factors such as the plasma state, the current of the beam transport electromagnet, etc. influence each other. Therefore, when operating the ion source, it is necessary to adjust various parameters such as RF power, gas flow, current of the electromagnet on the beamline, etc. each time. At present, it is difficult to control the plasma state accurately, and this...
Experiments have been performed to study the effects of axial magnetic field on plasma and ion beam parameters in a magnetic multipole line cusp ion source. Studies performed on ring cusp and Kaufmann type ion sources suggest that the axial component of magnetic field helps in improving the ion extraction current at low discharge power. The line cusps ion sources have been used since long to...
The existing MEDeGUN Brillouin-type electron gun at the TwinEBIS test bench is, according to Herrmann theory, capable of producing an electron beam with a current density of 3850 A/cm2 in the 2 T solenoid. To control the electron beam current density and the magnetic flux inside the beam, the existing electron gun - now using purely electrostatic focusing - can be modified by permitting...
Several research and developments have been performed at a compact ECR ion source (Kei3) with a fixed magnetic field for high-energy carbon-ion radiotherapy. In order to improve the beam current of multiply charged ions such as the neon and the argon, the two microwave frequency heating method was tested. Microwaves are introduced from the vacuum box on the upstream side of the plasma chamber...
The electrostatic probe-based photodetachment technique with one or two laser beams can provide insight on the negative ion absolute densities or even dynamics, respectively, in electronegative plasmas. In this work, this diagnostic is installed in the ECR-driven (2.45 GHz) source “Prometheus I” and numerous details of the setup design along with the underlying physics are discussed for its...
The ReA post-accelerator of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory employs an Electron-Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) as a charge breeder to reaccelerate rare-isotope beams to several MeV/u. The Facility for Rare-Isotope Beams (FRIB) is near completion and will provide RIB rates expected to exceed in some cases 10$^{10}$ particles/s. The ReA EBIT operates with an electron current of 300 – 600...
The supply of high-flux proton and carbon ions are required for applications such as accelerator-driven neutron sources and heavy ion radiotherapy. So far, it is shown that a laser ion sources using the target of plastics made of hydrocarbons can provide protons and carbon ions. On the other hand, due to the damege of the target by laser irradiation, it is necessary to change the laser...
The ECR negative ion source “Prometheus I” is operated either with high purity H$_2$ ($>$ 99.999\%) or $D_2$ $>$ 99.8\%) in order to probe H$^-$ and D$^-$ ions, respectively, and examine the effect of the isotope upon their production. These ions are predominantly formed in the plasma bulk by dissociative attachment of low-energy (cold) electrons to highly ro-vibrationally excited molecules...
At present,the ECR ion source is developing towards higher frequency,higher magnetic field technologies.However,18 GHz is the highest optimal operation microwave frequency for room temperature ECR ion sources,which can meet the needs of most of the existing heavy ion facilities.After the success of the 18 GHz ECR ion source LECR4,we developed the upgraded version source LECR5 aiming for higher...
In most of proton accelerator facilities, H- ion sources with driving 2-MHz RF amplifiers for plasma production generate high-intensity H- beams. Because of the high plasma density in the ion source, the potential of the sheath adjacent to the plasma electrode may be oscillated with the RF driving frequency. We showed a low frequency oscillation of the beam current (AIP CP, 2011, 080016...
For focused ion beam applied to secondary ion mass spectrometry,reduced brightness related to beam current,beam size and energy spread is a key parameter to evaluate beam quality.An ion beam size measurement device with knife-edge sweeping method aimed to measure the diameter of 10μm scale has been developed.The device enables to measure beam current changes as a function of knife-edge...
In order to increase intensities and charge states of available ion species, a new room-temperature ECR Ion Source (ECRIS) operating at 18 GHz is currently under development at GSI. The new ECRIS is based on a Heavy Ion Ion Source Injector (HIISI), developed at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL), and features three normal conducting coils and a permanent magnet hexapole...
Characteristics of ions in the laser plasma depend mainly on laser parameters as well as the background environment. Confinement of the plume promotes collisions within the plasma. When the target is repeatedly ablated at the same region, the target forms a hole. When the plasma production is initiated in the deep cavity, the expansion of the plasma plume is effectively constrained. Ion...
In a high-intensity ion beam accelerator, a non-destructive beam profile diagnostic system is required since destructive measurements can cause system failure or radio-activations of the monitor components due to energy deposition. We have been developing a non-destructive beam spatial profile monitor using a gas sheet. The sheet-shaped gas formed by a technique of rarefied gas dynamics is...
In this paper we present the numerical design and simulation of RF antennas to be employed in Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) systems working in an ECRIS setup. A 3D full-wave numerical model, based on the coupling between COMSOL FEM solution of Maxwell equations and the MATLAB-computed non-homogeneous plasma dielectric tensor, has been employed in order to study the performance of...
The ion source at the ELISE test facility is an intermediate step towards the operation of the ITER source and demonstrates fulfillment of the ITER NBI requirements in hydrogen (H). However, in deuterium (D) operation the co-extracted electron current (Ie) is higher and limits the source performance. In the standard setup of ELISE, Ie is reduced by a positive potential applied to the...
One of the methods used to produce ions of metals and metal oxides is through extracting them from a magnetron sputtering ion source. In this study, the extraction of ions from a compact, reactive magnetron sputtering source is investigated, with water vapor as reactive gas. The use of water vapor has been shown to improve the film’s properties, through the introduction of hydrogen ions. To...
As a diagnostic tool for electron transports in H- ion source plasmas, we have been trying to realize a low-energy electron gun which can be installed inside H- sources and can work even at areas which are very close to or inside hydrogen ion source plasmas. We reported in the previous conference that our prototype gun generated 0.04 mA/cm2 as the maximum beam current density at 1 eV beam...
A laser ion source, one of the high-current ion sources, uses ablation plasma generated by irradiating a solid target with a pulsed laser. To use industrial applications with the laser ion source, a large number of ions should be provided. Since recent pulse laser systems have high repetition rates above 1 kHz, we study the effect of plasma dynamics on the repeating plasma generation. A target...
At Central Michigan University (CMU), we are developing the CMU High Precision Penning trap (CHIP-TRAP) with the aim of performing high-precision mass measurements on stable and long-lived radioactive isotopes. The major goals of the CHIP-TRAP are to measure $^{163}$Ho EC Q-value to $\sim$1eV to aid direct neutrino mass determination experiments with $^{163}$Ho, such as HOLMES and EcHO, and to...
RF-driven negative hydrogen ion sources are operated at low frequencies around 1 MHz, gas pressures around or below 1 Pa and large power densities up to 10 Wcm$^{−3}$. Owing to these conditions and further design criteria, such as discharge geometry and antenna layout, the RF power coupling is far from optimized, i.e. only a fraction η of the power delivered by the generator is absorbed by the...
The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory paused production of carbon-14 ion beams with the removal of the Tandem Van de Graaff in 2013. Installation of ECR3, an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source, returned that production capability to ATLAS, with the first C-14 beam delivered in December 2020. Information is presented on C-14 beam current, gas...
For potential applications in compact hadron therapy facilities and accelerator-based neutron sources, the production of proton and lithium ions with the laser ion source was investigated. Proton beams were produced from a compressed titanium hydride powder target. The TOF signals were measured by a 90° cylindrical Electrostatic Ion Analyzer. The comparison between the FC and TOF signals...
We are proposing inverse kinematic pulsed neutron production with linear accelerators and a laser ion source. The inverse kinematic scenario is to use a lithium driver beam instead of a conventional proton beam and is effective to mitigate undesired radiation emission and provide highly directed neutron flux. To demonstrate the capability of intense neutron flux, we build a new front end of...
A laser ion source provides an ion beam extracted from a plasma produced by irradiating a high power laser on a solid target. The ion species contained in the plasma are analyzed with an electrostatic ion analyzer. In order to distinguish the ions, the spectral width of ion signals in the mass spectrum has to be smaller than the difference of time-of-flight between the different ion species...
The formation of laser plasma ion fluxes by axially symmetric magnetic fields is studied. As a result of computer and physical experiments, the possibility of obtaining ion packets based on a laser - plasma source with parameters that ensure their effective capture in a linear accelerator with high frequency focusing is shown.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University is nearing completion. In some cases, the RIB rates at FRIB are expected to exceed 10$^{10}$ particles/s. The ReA EBIT charge breeder operates with an electron-beam current of 300 – 600 mA for a density of 170 – 340 A/cm$^2$. This current corresponds to a maximum capacity of 10$^{10}$ elementary charges, which can be...
Highly charged ions (HCIs) can increase precision in Penning trap mass measurements significantly, due to their higher charge state. At the TITAN facility at TRIUMF, an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) provides radioactive HCIs for this purpose. To improve the electron beam properties and its control, a new electron gun is under development.
The electron gun within its TITAN EBIT environment...
Negative ion beams of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) are applied for heating and current drive in fusion plasmas as neutral beam injection. Comparing with H, the extraction of D$^-$ ion beam accompanies higher co-extracted electron current. It is expected that the higher electron current is originated with the flow of electrons toward a plasma-grid (PG) aperture in the source plasma....
Magnetic filter is important for negative ion sources, it cools down the electron temperature near the extraction area. The magnetic filter can be produced by permanent magnets or by large current flow through the plasma grid. The plasma transport process from the driver to the extraction area is affected by the magnetic filter, we used a movable Langmuir probe to measure the plasma spatial...
Protection system of cathodes from local discharge has been developed for the high power and stable negative ion source used in the heating system of ITER and JT-60SA. Discharge marks on the cathode indicate that this discharge occurs not only to anode walls but also plasma, so-called unipolar discharge. The critical issue is that the local discharge increases with cesium seedings to enhance...
The Beijing Radioactive ion beam facility Isotope Separator On-Line（BRISOL）is a radioactive ion beam facility based on a 100 MeV cyclotron providing 200 μA proton beam bombarding the thick target to produce radioactive nuclei, which are transferred into an ion source to produce singly charged ion beams. A FEBIAD ion source with MgO target are successful used to the first physics experiments,...
Observation of a transient, in Cs-free regime and long term NIO1 operation, led to the development of stabilization techniques, including conditioning (with oxygen or other gases, as argon, nitrogen, and xenon), interleaved with days of use of H$_2$ as a process gas. Stabilization of transients gave more H$^-$ current and less plasma luminosity. After installation of a cesium oven, some...
The BATMAN Upgrade test facility aims to extract H-/D- at high current densities. Inevitably co-extracted electrons are deflected out of the beamlet by permanent magnets before acceleration. These magnets induce a row-wise zig-zag deflection of the beamlets. In the new MITICA-like extraction system, this deflection is compensated by additional deflection correction magnets. Since these...
A Penning Ion Source test stand has been developed by D-Pace to characterize alpha ion extraction from a helium discharge with variations in: extraction potential up to 15 kV, gas flow rate up to 30 sccm, and magnetic field confinement up to 1.1 Tesla. A brief summary of the Penning Ion Source design is described. Extraction of ions leads to severe sparking on the HV insulator due to ExB...
By now the laser resonance ionization ion source has been firmly established as the ion source of choice for a major portion of the elements requested for experiments at TRIUMF's radioactive ion beam facility ISAC. The presentation will focus on the available capabilities of the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) as implemented at TRIUMF in terms of element reach, beam purity and...
A Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator is being developed to replace the H+ Cockcroft-Walton (CW) injector. The injector upgrade will significantly reduce the long term operational risks and improve existing LANSCE beam production for the Isotope Production Facility and future 800 MeV proton beam user systems [1].
In this study, we evaluate the vacuum model of the new RFQ injector...
