The VErtex LOcator (VELO) is a silicon-strip detector located around the interaction region of LHCb.
It is placed as close as 8 mm from the LHC beams undertaking a very high radiation damage.The sensors have been exposed to fluences up to $3.5 \times 10^{14} 1 MeV-neq/cm ^{2}$. The digital processing performed on back-end boards requires approximately 1 million parameters.
Dedicated runs are...
An in-depth study of a p-in-p LGAD sensor (Inverse-LGAD) is presented. Contrary to the conventional LGAD, the baseline device for the HL-LHC mip timing detectors, the I-LGAD has a non-segmented deep p-well (the multiplication layer). Therefore, I-LGADs should ideally present a constant gain value over all the sensitive region of the device without gain drops between the signal collecting...
Using 3D diodes, we have investigated the radiation tolerance of 3D sensors from the first batch fabricated at FBK on Si-Si DWB 6” substrates with a single-sided technology. The active layer thickness is 130 $\mu$m. Diodes reproducing the same layout details of their parent, small-pitch pixel sensors were irradiated with neutrons at the TRIGA Mark II reactor at JSI (Ljubljana, Slovenia) up to...
The so-called acceptor removal effect has been studied on a set of p-type silicon sensors irradiated with protons and neutrons up to 7E15 neq/cm2. Two sets of diodes were used: thin epitaxial diodes with different resistivities (10, 50, 250 and 1000 Ohm.cm) and high resistivity float zone diodes with different thicknesses (100, 150, 200 and 285 um). CV, IV and TCT measurements were performed...
Characterization of H35 HV-CMOS Sensors before and after Proton Irradiations
ABSTRACT
In view of applications at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade, we developed a new generation of radiation tolerant High Voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) sensors, that was fabricated at AMS Foundry (Austria) in 350 nm...
The LHC is planning an upgrade program which will bring the luminosity up to about 7.5E34 cm-2s-1 in 2027, with the goal of an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1 by the end of 2037. This High Luminosity scenario, HL-LHC, will present new challenges of higher data rates and increased radiation tolerance for the pixel detector (2E16 neq/cm2, or equivalently 1 Grad, is expected for the inner...
The first part of the work is devoted to the study of the performance of active and slim edge ATLAS planar pixel sensors (PPS) in various test conditions including irradiation fluences (1e15 and 2e15 n$_{eq}$cm$^2$ ) and sensor inclination. For the performing of testbeam measurements CERN and DESY beam facilities have been used.
In the second part of the present work another method to...
In future high luminosity LHC experiments, planned over the next 10 years, the number of collisions per unit of time is expected to increase by more than a factor of 2. The new experimental conditions require new detector systems with increased performances compared to the current state of the art. In this context, spatial and especially time resolution play an increasingly important role. The...
The ATHENA X-ray observatory was selected as ESA’s second large-class mission, scheduled to be launched in 2028. The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is one of its two primary instruments and will provide single photon spectroscopy in an energy band of 0.2 keV to 15 keV. To achieve unprecedented spectroscopic and imaging capabilities with a large field of view of 40' x 40', its focal plane is covered...
Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) have potential to be a critical element in applications for collider physics, medical instrumentation, etc., with its high spatial and timing resolution. The strip-type LGAD detector is required in large-scale application for covering wide area with low cost. We have fabricated LGAD strip sensors, DC-type, together with LGAD diodes, and evaluated their...
The next generation of HEP space experiments impose extreme requirements on their detectors, that cannot be still satisfied by PMTs. An appealing alternative is offered by Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) devices manufactured in deep sub-micron CMOS processes, which offer sensitivity down to the single photon level, with pico-second time resolution and micrometric position resolution....
We present a camera system for high time-resolved direct electron imaging on a TEM furnished with a pulsed electron source to observe dynamic processes in real space. The sensors use an SOI detector substrate with 50 $\mu$ to 30 $\mu$ thickness. The high intensity of the electron source requires tailored DEPFET devices with inherently high signal-to-noise, high speed readout capability, and...
The AMS (a)H18 and H35 processes are two of the most promising candidates for HV-CMOS detectors. One issue are their low standard resistivity (10-20 Ohm*cm) and therefore small depletion layers before irradiation of only about 10-20um.
While this issue was addressed by using higher-resistivity substrates (up to 1 kOhm*cm) in dedicated runs, the behaviour of the standard substrate after...
Two sets of passive CMOS detectors were studied: thinned with processed and metalized backplane and not thinned without backplane processing with substrate biased through the implant on top of the device. Detectors were irradiated with neutrons in reactor in Ljubljana. Collected charge was measured with electrons from Sr-90 source using an external amplifier. Depletion depth and charge...
In view of the LHC upgrade phases towards the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the ATLAS experiment plans to upgrade the Inner Detector with an all-silicon system.
The n-on-p silicon technology is a promising candidate to achieve a large area instrumented with
pixel sensors, since it is radiation hard and cost effectiveness.
The paper reports on the performance of 130 µm thick n-in-p planar pixel...
The Large Hadron Collider Beauty (LHCb) detector is a flavour physics detector, designed to detect decays of b- and c-hadrons for the study of CP violation and rare decays. At the end of Run-II, many of the LHCb measurements will remain statistically dominated. In order to increase the trigger yield for purely hadronic channels, the hardware trigger will be removed and the detector will...
Silicon pixel detectors are at the core of the current and planned upgrade of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As the closest detector component to the interaction point, these detectors will be subjected to a significant amount of radiation over their lifetime: prior to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the innermost layers will receive a fluence in excess of 10^15...
In recent years, tracking charged particles has seen the rise of a new technology, based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors. With respect to silicon micro-strips and hybrid pixels, MAPS allow for low material budget and cheap sensors production using standard CMOS commercial technologies.
Being developed for High Energy Physics, MAPS are currently proposed for uses in Nuclear Physics,...
The MoVeIT project of the INFN-CSN5 aims at studying, modeling and verifying the biological impact on charged particle therapy of some complex physical and biological effects, so far neglected in treatment planning systems (TPS) currently used. The preclinical testing of biologically optimized TPS requires dedicated devices for its validation, able to analyze beam particle fluences and beam...
Mupix8 is the latest and largest prototype of a High Voltage-Active Monolithic Active
Pixel Sensor (HV-MAPS) based on the 180 nm HV-CMOS process from AMS. It was
developed for the Pixel Tracker of the Mu3e-Experiment at PSI which will
search for the lepton flavor violating process muon -> eee with unprecedented
sensitivity.
The Mupix8 prototype has a size of 2x1 cm2, integrates about 25000...
The CiS Forschungsinstitut fuer Mikrosensorik is engaged in developments of radiation detector technologies on several different fields. Current projects include active edge sensors, 3D sensors as well as new quality control methods.
One active edge sensor run is finished. Three different side wall doping methods (plasma implantation, ion implantation, diffusion) have been tested in...
The tracking performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on its 4-layer Pixel Detector, that has undergone significant hardware and software upgrades to meet the challenges imposed by the higher collision energy, pileup and luminosity that are being delivered by the Large Hadron Collider, with record breaking instantaneous luminosities of 2 x 10^34 cm-2 s-1 recently surpassed.
The key...
Over the last few years, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, in collaboration with the universities of Trento and Turin, has been involved in the development of silicon sensors with low internal gain (x10-x20), the so-called LGAD or UFSD (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors). Despite such a technology exhibits outstanding performance in terms of timing resolution, it is well known that LGADs are affected by a...
Due to their radiation hardness, 3D sensors are a promising option for the innermost pixel layers at the High
Luminosity LHC. However, the required very high hit-rate capabilities,
increased pixel granularity, extreme radiation hardness, and reduced
material budget call for a device downscale as compared to existing 3D
sensors, involving smaller pitch (e.g., 50×50 or 25×100 µm2 ),...
CMOS SPADs are recently gaining the attention of the scientific and industrial world, because of their excellent performance. Due to their working principle, they are sensitive down to the single photon level with no need of an external amplification and provide a temporal resolution, which reaches tens of picoseconds. Further, the CMOS integration, allowed integrating the auxiliary...
The performance of Ultra-fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) has been measured pre-rad and after neutron irradiation up to 6e15 n/cm^2.
Of special interest are UFSD with 35 and 50 micron thickness.
The measured time resolution is traced back to the evolution with fluence of internal gain, rise time and noise.
The CMS experiment has a vast R&D program on silicon pixel sensors for the HL-LHC upgrades. In this talk we will focus on activities and results obtained with 100 and 130um thick planar pixel sensors produced by FBK, in the framework of a collaborative agreement with INFN. Pixel single-chip modules have been tested in the Fermilab Test Beam Facility before and after proton irradiation, during...
In this contribution we describe the project "Resistive AC-Coupled Silicon Detectors" (RSD), a novel approach to the design of Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) that will eliminate the problem arising from the segmentation of the gain layer.
RSD are essentially LGAD designed to reach the limit of 100% in the fill-factor. Such scheme is based on the presence of a resistive n-electrode,...
Recent developments in Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) technology make it an attractive choice for large-scale Physics experiments, as an alternative to traditional Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs). Potential advantages of SiPMs include high sensitivity, compactness, lower operating voltage, low cost, high gain uniformity and high radio purity.
Near Ultra Violet, High Density (NUV-HD) SiPM...
The CMS experiment at CERN will undergo significant improvements during the so-called Phase-II Upgrade to cope with a 10-fold increase in integrated luminosity with the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) era. Especially the forward calorimetry will suffer from very high radiation levels and intensified pileup in the detectors. Consequently, the CMS collaboration is designing a High Granularity...
Silicon is the standard material for particle detector sensors. Especially in high radiation environments diamond is a suitable alternative. In comparison to silicon it is more radiation hard but a smaller signal is generated per particle. Planar pixelated diamond detectors, read out by the FE-I4 chip, are installed in the ATLAS experiment. The current status and the performance of the Diamond...
One key feature of the HL-LHC outer tracker upgrade is the use of "pt modules" to reject low pt tracks and reduce the required L1 bandwidth. These consist of two closely spaced silicon layers which are capable of creating "stubs", which are pairs of hits compatible with tracks above a certain pt threshold. These modules are divided into the "PS" and "2S" types, and are designed to work in...
During the $2023-2024$ shutdown, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be upgraded to reach an instantaneous luminosity up to 7×10 $cm^{-2} s^{-1}$. This upgrade of the accelerator is called High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). ATLAS and CMS tracking detectors will be replaced to meet the challenges of HL-LHC: an average of 200 pile-up events in every bunch crossing and an integrated luminosity of...
I will report on the radiation resistance of 50-micron thick LGAD detectors, manufactured at the Fondazione Bruno Kessler, employing several different types of gain layer. LGAD detectors with gain layer doping of Boron, Boron low-diffusion, Gallium, Carbonated Boron and Carbonated Gallium have been designed and successfully produced. These sensors have been exposed to neutron fluences up to φn...
In view of the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) to start operation around 2026, a major upgrade of the tracker system for the ATLAS experiment is in preparation. The expected neutron equivalent fluence of up to 2.4 × 1016 1 MeV neq./cm2 at the innermost layer of the pixel detector poses the most severe challenge. Thanks to their low material budget and high charge collection...
Radiation-induced damage in silicon can be modeled in TCAD simulations through effective states in the energy gap,
what we call radiation damage models.
After a brief introduction about radiation-induced damage in silicon, in this talk I will present you some of the available
radiation damage models, how to implement them in TCAD tools and what are typical observables you can study in...
Silicon pixel sensors of cell size 50um x 50um fabricated at CNM using 3D, doubled-sided n-on-p technology were bump-bonded to ROC4Sens readout chips and tested in an electron test beam at DESY. We show initial results of efficiency, charge collection, charge sharing, noise and resolution for different track incidence angles. The sensor+ROC assemblies were later irradiated with protons to a...
The High Luminosity LHC scenario, HL-LHC, with a planned instantaneous luminosity of the upgraded machine of 5x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 by year 2028, and an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb^-1 by the end of year 2037, requires the complete replacement of the CMS Tracker detector to cope with the extremely challenging new operating conditions. The talk will focus on the CMS Outer Tracker system for the...
The CMS-TOTEM Precision Proton Spectrometer (CT-PPS) allows extending the LHC physics program by detecting protons in the very forward regions of CMS. CT-PPS consists of tracking and timing detectors installed along the beam line at ~210 m from the CMS interaction point on both sides of the LHC tunnel. In 2017 the tracking system consisted of a station of silicon strip detectors and a station...
The talk will report on the INFN research activity, in collaboration with FBK foundry, which is aiming at the development of new, thin, n-in-p pixel sensors for the CMS HL-LHC (Phase-2) upgrade. The talk will illustrate the main aspects of the research program, starting from the sensor design and fabrication technology, with an overview on next plans using both Direct Wafer Bonded (DWB) and...
The Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) is involved in the development and construction of a Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) camera for the prototype of the Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).
SiPMs are particularly suitable to detect the fast and low-intensity Cherenkov light emitted in the atmosphere. Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK)...
Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) with different implantation dose and irradiated with 24 GeV/c protons at CERN-PS up to a fluence of 1e14 1 MeV neutron equivalent will be presented. The results of these measurements support the interpretation of a double junction effect as the primary responsible for the reduction of gain observed in these devices. The shape and magnitude of electric field was...
The asymmetric electron/positron accelerator SuperKEKB at KEK in Japan is designed to provide an instantaneous luminosity of 8×10$^{35}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ - 40 times higher than that of the KEKB collider. For high-precision track reconstruction,e.g. for measurements of time-dependent CP-violating decays and secondary vertices, the Belle II detector will be equipped with two layers of...
The detector group of the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) develops cutting-edge X-ray detectors in-house, including photon-counting detectors for synchrotron radiation sources and charge-integrating detectors for Free-Electron Lasers (FELs). Planar silicon strip and pixel sensors are commonly used for X-ray energies from a few keV up to 20 keV. In addition, high-Z...
