Compton camera used in the Hitomi SGD is a useful detector for soft gamma-ray in space observation. Si-pixel sensor with 3.4 mm pixe;s are used as scatterer in the SGD Compton camera. But this pixel size does not allow us to measure a direction of Compton-recoil electrons in the Si sensor, and thus the sensitivity is limited. To improve, it is important to measure the direction of recoil...
Far infrared(FIR) wavelength (30 - 200 $\mu$m) is important spectral window to study the formation of planets, stars and galaxies. Germanium Blocked Impurity Band (Ge BIB) detectors respond sensitively to FIR photons of those wavelengths, which have cut-off wavelength significantly longer than Ge photoconductors without applying mechanical stress. Ge BIBs are consisting of an IR active layer,...
Topmetal-II- is a direct-charge collecting pixel sensor with the Equivalent Noise Charge(ENC) of 13.9e- in the room air. A pixelated CdZnTe detector based on Topmetal-II- sensor works at a low bias voltage of -2V due to leakage current saturation. In order to improve the bias voltage of the crystal to achieve higher spatial resolution, as well as to keep the low noise, Topmetal-IIa has been...
Silicon sensors for applications in tracking and calorimetry for HL-LHC experiments will enter the series production stage in just a few years. To ensure the quality and stability of the manufacturing process, critical parameters must be monitored throughout sensor production. Important properties are measured directly on the sensors, but many process indicants cannot reasonably be studied on...
Modern tracking detectors based on hybrid or fully integrated CMOS technology are continuing to push to thinner sensors. The energy fluctuations in very thin silicon sensors significantly deviates from the Landau distribution. Therefore, we have developed a digitization setup that implements the Bichsel straggling function, which accounts for shell-effects. This enhanced simulation is...
We have developed novel radiation-tolerant n^+-in-p pixel sensors with biasing network from the outer bias ring to individual pixels. The network is to provide the reverse bias voltage to individual pixels, made of bias rails passing through columns of pixels and bias resistors branching from the rail to individual pixels. The biasing network enables to verify the high voltage operation of...
In conventional radiography, x-ray images are typically blurred, limiting the image performance of the system, mainly due to finite focal spot size of the x-ray tube, inherent the detector pixel size, and the detector resolution. Thus, the recovery of images from their degraded version is essential for improving the image characteristics. In this work, we investigated a dictionary-learning...
Bias rails are fundamental design features of segmented strip as well as pixelated silicon sensors in order to distribute the ground potential from the bias ring to the implants.
In case of AC coupled strip sensors, grounding the implants through the bias rail is essential to deplete the bulk during testing and operation.
Since DC coupled sensors are usually grounded through the virtual ground...
We conceive the position sensitive pixelated silicon detector using the direct illumination of X-ray. Considering the detection efficiency we plan to use the detector for the relatively low energy X-ray. The absorption length of silicon around 10 keV is about 200~300 um, the active silicon thickness should be twice of the absorption length so that we consider a thickness of 525 µm n-type...
The primary goal of the LHCb experiment at the LHC is to search for indirect evidence of new physics via measurements of CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. The VErtex LOcator (VELO) is a silicon-strip detector located around the interaction region. It has active sensing elements as close as 8 mm from the LHC beams, and for this reason it undertakes a very high radiation...
CMOS image sensors (CISs) have lots of advantages such as low power consume, high integration, high TID radiation toleration et al. and become the main components of imaging system which is widely used in the 60Co γ rays source laboratory to monitored experiment process.
The objective of this work is to model the transient effects of 60Co γ rays in CIS imaging system. The CIS imaging system...
The LHC is expected to reach luminosities up to 3000 fb−1 and the innermost layer of the ATLAS upgrade plans to cope with higher occupancy and to decrease the pixel size. 3D-Si sensors are a good candidate for the innermost layer of the ATLAS pixel upgrade since they exhibit good performance under high fluences and the new designs will have smaller pixel size to fulfil the electronics...
Precise determination of the charged particle tracks and reconstruction of the primary and displaced decay vertices always drive the need for a high precision vertex detector for future electron-positron collider experiments. Such vertex detector should be constructed with pixel detectors with high spatial resolution and low material budget, and fast readout to keep the detector occupancy low....
Silicon tracking detectors can record the charge in each channel (analog or digitized) or have only binary readout (hit or no hit). While there is significant literature on the position resolution obtained from interpolation of charge measurements, a comprehensive study of the resolution obtainable with binary readout is lacking. It is commonly assumed that the binary resolution is...
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is proposed as a Higgs factory to measure the Higgs boson precisely. The CEPC vertex detector requires a low material budget, a high spatial resolution, a fast readout and a low power consumption. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) will be the most promising candidate which can most likely satisfy the requirements simultaneously. For the R&D of...
The innermost tracking detector of the ATLAS experiment consists of planar n-in-n silicon pixel sensors. Closest to the beam pipe lies since the phase-0 upgrade the insertable b-layer (IBL). Its pixels are arranged in a pitch of $250\,\mu$m$\,\times\,50\,\mu$m, with a rectangular shaped n-implant.
Based on this design modified pixel designs have been developed in Dortmund.
The new pixel...
Pixel sensors based on commercial high-voltage CMOS processes are an exciting technology that is considered as an option for the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade. Here, particles are detected using deep n-wells as sensor diodes with the depleted region extending into the silicon bulk. Both analog and digital readout electronics can be added to achieve different levels of integration up to a fully...
CMOS pixel sensors have demonstrated high detection efficiency, high resolution, low material budgets, low costs, and potentially good radiation tolerance, high speed and low power consumption for the particle tracking in high energy physics experiments. In this paper, we report a study of some new readout strategies that reducing the signal readout times of CPS for the possibility of...
Since the successful application in STAR experiment, CMOS pixel sensors (CPSs) are preferred to be used in some other high energy physics experiments such as ALICE, CEPC and so on for particle tracking due to the low cost and potentially high performance. In order to achieve extreme high readout speed and low power consumption, many researches are focused on data sparsification and data...
The assembly and results from testing of pixel modules for the forward regions of the ATLAS Tracker Upgrade will be presented. Sensors have been developed for the ATLAS FE-I$ readout chip. Different bump-bonding methods have been investigated and the results of the bump-bonding yields determined from electrical measurements will be presented. The hybrid flex design and its assembly to the...
We report a fabrication process and characterization of detectors made of bulk Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) crystals. Prior the processing the quality and defect density in CdTe material was characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The chip-scale semiconductor detector and related interconnection processing was carried out in clean room premises of Micronova center in Espoo, Finland. We have...
The Silicon microstrip detector system (SCT) of the ATLAS experiment at LHC has been working well for about 10 years since 2008. The innermost layer has already received a few times of 1013 1-MeV neutron-equivalent fluences/cm2. The evolutions of the radiation damage effects on strip sensors such as leakage current and full depletion voltages will be presented.
on behalf of the ATLAS ITk strip sensor working group.
For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS detector, a new, all-silicon
tracker will be constructed in order to cope with the increased track den-
sity and radiation level of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider.
While silicon strip sensors are designed to minimise the fraction of
dead material and maximise the active area of a sensor,...
on behalf of the ATLAS ITk strip sensor working group.
The new ATLAS tracker for phase II will be composed of silicon pixel and strip sensor modules. The strip sensor module consists of silicon sensors, boards and readout chips. Adhesives are used to connect the modular components thermally and mechanically. It was shown that the silicon sensor is exposed to mechanical stress, due to...
For silicon strip sensors, the tracking information specifications can lead to challenging requirements for wire bonding. A common strategy is to use external pitch adapters to facilitate this step in the production of detector modules. A novel approach previously discussed in [this publication][1], is to implement the pitch adapters in the sensor, by embedding a second layer of metal tracks....
The ATLAS Experiment at LHC will have several upgrade projects for High Luminosity LHC operations. Its tracking system will be replaced to cope with the higher interaction rate and radiation levels. The Strip portion of the tracker will be significantly expanded in radius and instrumented area to control the occupancy and momentum resolution. The strip modules are based on large-area n-on-p...
The ATLAS collaboration is designing the full silicon tracker (ITk) that will operate in the HL-LHC replacing the current design. The silicon microstrip sensors for the barrel and the endcap regions in the ITk are fabricated in 6 inch, p-type, float-zone wafers, where large-area strip sensor designs are laid out together with a number of miniature sensors. The radiation tolerance and specific...
The ATLAS experiment will replace the existing Inner Detector by an all-silicon detector named the Inner Tracker (ITk) for the High Luminosity LHC upgrades. In the outer region of the Inner Tracker is the strip detector, which consists of a four layer barrel and six discs to each side of the barrel, with silicon-strip modules as basic units. Each module is composed of a sensor and one or more...
The module design for the Phase II Upgrade of the new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) detector at the LHC employs integrated low mass assembly using single-sided flexible circuits with readout ASICs and a powering circuit incorporating control and monitoring of HV, LV and temperature on the module. Both readout and powering circuits are glued directly onto the silicon sensor surface resulting in a...
Gotthard-II is a microstrip detector developed for XFEL.EU. The applications include but are not limited to: energy dispersive experiments at 4.5 MHz frame rate, and veto signal generation. In Gotthard-II a silicon microstrip sensor with a pitch of 50 μm or 25 μm is wire-bonded to the readout ASICs. The ASIC is implemented with adaptive gain pre-amplifiers (PA), Correlated-Double-Sampling...
CMOS monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) with high-speed serial data links are demanded by numerous future subatomic physics experiments due to the increasing hit density, low material budget requirements. A MAPS integrated a serial link transmitter meets requirement of this application due to its saving cables/connectors and high reliability in contrast to with a parallel data link. We...
A serializer ASIC and a VCSEL driver ASIC are needed for the front-end optical data transmission in the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter readout phase-I upgrade. The baseline ASICs are the serializer LOCx2 and the VCSEL driver LOCld. They are designed in a 0.25-um Silicon-on-Sapphire (SoS) CMOS technology and consume 950 mW and 217 mW, respectively. Based on a 130-nm CMOS technology, we decide...
High-resolution Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HERDA), which consists of a magnet and a position sensitive detector, is one of the promising methods of quantitative analysis of hydrogen in material surface.
As the position sensitive detector for HERDA, Micro channel plates (MCP) are mainly used, however, the count rate (~1000 cps) and the noises of dark current of a MCP and stray ions in...
We are developing an image sensor with sensitivity to far-infrared (IR) wavelengths ranging from 30 to 200 $\rm \mu m$ for astronomical observations. Our image sensor consists of a cryogenic readout integrated circuit (ROIC) and a semiconductor detector, such as germanium which is often used for a far-IR detector. The detector must be cooled down below 2 K to reduce thermal noise; the dark...
Future high energy physics experiments, like future linear collider ILC/CLIC, put new challenges for detector readout systems. One of such challenges is to develop a very low power multi-channel readout ASIC containing analog front-end and fast analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in each channel. This would allow the use of very simple and elegant readout architecture, comprising also an on-chip...
The LHC accelerator at CERN is scheduled for an upgrade that will more than triple its instantaneous luminosity over the next decade. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment will have to cope with these new running conditions. The new tracking system under development will be capable of measuring the transverse momentum of charged particles down to 2-3 GeV/c at each bunch crossing (40 MHz),...
The work focuses on the development of a novel digital architecture for the pixel
chips for HEP experiments. The Pixel Detectors in HL-LHC experiments will
have to maintain high efficiency under very high pixel hit rates (3GHz), and high
trigger frequency (1MHz) and latency (12.5$\mu$s). As Column Drain architectures
would need a very high bandwidth for data transfer between the Pixels and the...
We present a front-end ASIC that allows simultaneous time and energy measurements with radiation detectors. The chip, called TIGER, has been primarily developed to readout the Cylindrical Gas Electron Multiplier detector (CGEM), a novel ultra-light weight tracker to be installed in the inner part of the BESIII experiment in Beijing. Due to its characteristics and performance, the integrated...
Silicon pixel detectors are at the core of the current and planned upgrade of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As the closest detector component to the interaction point, these detectors will be subjected to a significant amount of radiation over their lifetime: prior to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the innermost layers will receive a fluence in excess of 10**15...
CMOS image sensors (CISs) have many advantages for the applications such as particle detection, nuclear industry, and space imaging sensors and have been widely used as the detectors for particle detection and space applications. However, the CIS detectors are sensitive to the radiation damage for applications in the harsh radiation environments such as space and nuclear environments. The...
When operating in the neutron radiation environments, CMOS image sensors (CISs) would be damaged. The neutron radiation damage mainly includes permanent damage and transient damage. The objective of this work is to analyze the transient degradation of CIS in neutron radiation environments by experiments and simulations. The sample (CIS) is manufactured in commercial 0.18 μm CMOS technology....
The present study describes the correlation between radiation damages and electrical properties of the PN diode after irradiation the energy proton. The PN diodes were irradiated at difference irradiation energies of 5.26, 7.2, and 8.67 MeV with the proton doses of 1 x 1010, 1 x 1011, and 1 x 1012 cm-2. The final 3D distribution of the ions and all...
SOI MOSFET and Gate-controlled Lateral PNP Bipolar Transistor (GCLPNP) are two kinds of semiconductor devices sensitive to total ionizing dose effects (TID). Generally it is thought that TID and displacement damage are independent with each other, however, recent research indicates that total ionizing dose degradations in these two kinds of devices can be enhanced by high fluence neutron...
The ATLAS silicon tracker detectors are designed to sustain high dose integrated over several years of operation. This very substantial radiation hardness should also favour the survival of the detector in case of accidental beam losses. In the past, measurements have been done for the pixel detector, confirming that it could survive to beam losses with minimal or no deterioration of...
Charge coupled devices (CCDs) have many merits such as low cost, low noise, low power consumption, and high sensitively. Because of these merits, they have been widely used as the detectors for particle detection and space applications. However, the CCD detectors used in the above applications will be operated in the high energy proton radiation environments and be susceptible to radiation...
Nowadays, CMOS image sensors (CIS) are more and more used in a wide variety of applications, especially in satellite systems, high energy physics setups, where they are exposed to mixed radiation sources. The sensors suffer from radiation-induced dark-current degradation that the dark-current mean value and non-uniformity increase, which results in the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) decrease...
The DEPFET PXD Collaboration is building a highly
granular, ultra-transparent active pixel detector for high performance
vertex reconstruction at the Belle II experiment,
KEK, Japan. A complete detector system is being developed,
including solutions for ultra-thin sensors and their mechanical
support, r/o ASICs, cooling, services, and a DAQ system capable
of handling the huge amount of data...
The original CMS pixel detector was built out of pixel detectors arranged in three barrel layers (BPIX) and two forward disks in each endcap (FPIX). It was designed for the nominal instantaneous LHC luminosity of 1 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. Under the conditions expected in the coming years, which will see an increase of a factor two of the instantaneous luminosity, the CMS pixel detector will see a...
The all-silicon tracking system of the CMS experiment provided excellent resolution for charged tracks and an efficient tagging of heavy flavor jets during Run1 and Run2 of the LHC. After a new pixel detector has been installed during the LHC technical stop at the beginning of 2017, the positions, orientations, and surface curvatures of the sensors needed to be determined with a precision at...
A three layers MAPS (monolithic active pixel sensor) detector prototype, 1/10 coverage of the BESIII (Beijing spectrometer III) inner tracker, is select as one of the pre-research schemes of the BESIII inner drift chamber upgrade, due to its quite attractive features of low material budget, low power consumption and high spatial resolution. We present the design, the construction and the test...
Over the last years the ATLAS Pixel Detector has been upgraded in terms of sensors and readout electronics. The readout-driver cards have been upgraded for the entire Pixel Detectors, which features millions of channels to stand the on-going increment of luminosity of the collider at CERN. The challenge of upgrading the readout electronics for the huge matrices of pixel detectors has led us to...
The Insertable b-Layer ( IBL ) is the innermost layer of the ATLAS
tracking system. It consists of planar pixel modules in the central
region and 3D modules at two extremities. We use the cluster length
distributions in 3D sensor modules of the IBL to determine the number of
primary charged particles per event and suppress backgrounds. This Pixel
Cluster Counting ( PCC ) algorithm...
In the high luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope with the resultant increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner Tracker (ITk), aiming to...
The inner detector of the present ATLAS detector has been designed and developed to function in the environment of the present Large Hadron Collider (LHC). At the next-generation tracking detector proposed for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the so-called ATLAS Phase-II Upgrade, the particle densities and radiation levels will be higher by as much as a factor of ten. The new detectors must...
A High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is being designed to replace the existing endcap calorimeters in CMS for the HL-LHC era. It features unprecedented transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (ECAL) and hadronic (HCAL) compartments, with silicon sensors being chosen for the high-pseudorapidity regions due to their radiation tolerance. The remainder of the HGCAL, in...
The Preshower detector, part of the CMS Endcap Electromagnetic Calorimeter, is designed to have good spatial resolution to distinguish between different types of incoming particles. The Preshower is a sampling detector with two layers of lead absorber, each followed by 1.9mm pitch silicon strip sensors. Each of the 4288 DC-coupled sensors has an active area of 61x61mm^2, making a total surface...
Silicon photomultipliers (Si-PM, Multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC)) are a photo detector, which can count photons with multiple avalanche photodiode pixels in Geiger mode. With a high gain (10^6), small size (~mm), and lower operational voltage (~50V), they can be used as a readout of scintillation photons of scintillators. However, the rate of dark counts is high (~1 Mcps) preventing to lower...
The multi-layer semiconductor Compton camera has been developed by Japanese group for many years and finally, the soft gamma ray detector (SGD) onboard Hitomi, Japanese astronomical satellite has been launched and successfully operated in the orbit. SGD consists of combination of narrow field of view Si-CdTe multi-layer Compton camera and surrounding Bi$_4$Ge$_3$O$_{12}$ (BGO) active shield....
Short duration gamma-ray bursts (short GRBs, SGRBs) are one of the most promising candidates of electromagnetic radiation from gravitational wave sources.One of the possible methods to localize these GRB events is to launch several small satellites and determine the position of GRBs by using the difference in detection time in each satellite.For accurate determination of these GRB positions,...
The best angular resolution of 0.5 arc-second is realized with the X-ray mirror aboard the Chandra satellite. Nevertheless, further better or comparable resolution is anticipated to be difficult in near future. We propose a new type of X-ray interferometer consisting simply of an X-ray absorption grating and an X-ray spectral imaging detector, such as X-ray CCDs or CMOS detectors, by stacking...
We have been developing the fabrication of mono-material optical interference filter toward high-sensitivity terahertz-wave astronomical observation.
There is no hi-transmittance optical filter for IR(Infrared-Rays) with wavelength in the range of 30~60μm due to lack of optical materials. But, silicon is hi-transmittance material in the range of that. Furthermore, using MEMS(Micro Electro...
Proton therapy is an advanced cancer therapy that features energy loss of protons, known as the Bragg peak. Owing to high concentration of the radiation dose, the proton range in a patient's body, characterized by the water equivalent length (WEL), must be accurately determined for safe and effective proton therapy. Current treatment planning is based on X-ray CT images, which might cause...
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine method used to observe metabolic processes in the body, by detecting pairs of photons produced by the annihilation of positrons emitted by a $\beta^+$ tracer.
The Thin-TOF PET (TT-PET) project aims at the construction of a small-animal PET scanner based on silicon monolithic pixel sensors with 30 ps time resolution for 511 keV photons....
Higher spatial resolution in real-time X-ray imaging such as fluoroscopy in mobile C-arm and angiography in C-arm CT imaging system is increasingly demanded by many clinicians at the hospital. They use either x-ray image intensifiers (XII) or flat panel detectors (FPD) as X-ray imaging detectors, which have inherent limitation such like image distortion, low resolution and image lag on the...
The introduction of digital flat panel detector (FPD)-based C-arm CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography) system provides an attractive technology for real-time 2D image in standard fluoroscopy and 3D or cross-sectional visualization with higher spatial resolution. A modern CBCT system with C-arm gantry incorporating a large-area flat-panel detector is widely used as an important imaging tool for...
Innovative silicon sensors with moderate internal gain (Low Gain Avalanche Detectors, LGAD) are promising devices for monitoring and characterization of therapeutic proton beams, overcoming the limitations of ionization chambers typically used for these purposes. In particular, properly segmented thin LGAD detectors, thanks to their fast charge collection time (1 ns in 50 um thickness) and...
The expected increase of the particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) with instantaneous luminosities up to L ≃ 7.5 × 10^{34} cm^{−2} s^{−1} will have a severe impact on the ATLAS deetctor performance. The pile-up is expected to increase on average to 200 interactions per bunch crossing resulting in a vertex density that can be larger than 1.5 per mm.
The reconstruction...
SHiP is a proposed general purpose fixed target experiment to be located at the CERN SPS accelerator. A fixed target station will be followed by magnetic shielding to reduce beam induced background, a dedicated tau neutrino detector and a detector to seach for hidden particles beyond the Standard Model. Background taggers and a dedicated timing detector will ensure sufficient background...
A charged particle telescope has been developed for data taking by the UA9 collaboration at high rates in the CERN H8 beam line using protons and other particles at up to 400 GeV/c. It uses ten planes of silicon microstrip sensors, arranged as five pairs each measuring two coordinates, with an active area of 3.8 x 3.8 cm2. It provides excellent angular and spatial resolution for measuring...
We report measurements of uniformity of time resolution, signal
amplitude, and charged particle detection efficiency across the sensor surface
of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD). Comparisons of performance of sensors
with different doping concentrations, and different active thicknesses are
presented, as well as their temperature dependance and radiation tolerance up to
$6\times...
High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) with a beam energy of 6GeV and emittance less than 1.0nm·rad will be constructed in China, which can provide high-brilliance hard X-ray in the order of 1013. The broadband and high-flux monochromatic beam flux and white beam flux need new detector other than the ion chambers for measurement in case of saturation under high-flux conditions.
Diamond X-ray...
For the High-Luminosity Upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at
CERN, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced with a new, all-silicon
tracker. In order to minimise the amount of material in the detector,
circuit boards with readout electronics will be glued on to the active area of
the sensor. Several adhesives investigated to be used for the construction
of detector modules were found to...
Optical transceiver provides high speed data transmission using low mass fibers over a long distance in applications of detector readout. A miniature form factor is favorable for compactness in detector design. We report on a chip-on-board transceiver assembly of 2 mm in height, with bare-die opto-electronics and driver ASICs of 10 Gbps aligned within a light coupling prism. The active...
This study presents the design and development of the Chemical Vapor Deposit (CVD) diamond detector that applies to detect the neutron radiations. The implementation of a neutron detector in a thin CVD diamond film has several advantages as radiation hardening, fissile-material free, low gamma sensitivity, compact and solid state, spectroscopic, both thermal and fast neutron detection,...
A Digital Electromagnetic Calorimeter (DECAL) is a highly granular device, which counts the number of particles in a shower rather than the total energy deposited. The required ultra-high granularity (50x50μm2) can be achieved using radiation hard CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS).
We will present simulated results for the optimisation of a DECAL at future colliders...
The High Luminosity upgrade of Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will increase Large Hadron Collider Luminosity by an order of magnitude increasing the density of particles on the detector by an order of magnitude as well. For protecting the inner detectors of experiments and for monitoring the delivered luminosity a radiation hard beam monitor is being developed. We propose a set of detectors...
One of the authors, Sasaki, developed a new equipment for X-ray stress measurement in 2011 which was based on so-called the cosα method, and showed that the weight of the equipment, the occupied space and the measuring time were advanced to about 1/20, 1/15, and 1/10 respectively compared with the ordinary machines. The accuracy of the stress obtained was also found to increase because of the...
X-ray absorption radiography with a microfocus x-ray source plays an important role in a variety of fields, including industrial application, materials science, and biology, because it enables nondestructive observation of the inside of materials in high spatial resolution. Recently x-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) and small-angle scattering (SAS) imaging have been demonstrated using...
Prototype of an Avalanche Photodiodes with Reach-Through (RT-APD) was
fabricated using Silicon On Insulator (SOI) technology. It replaces a pixel sensor with
the silicon APD to detect soft X-ray which generate very small charge. These new
devices offer fast proportional response and good S/N based on linear mode operated at
below breakdown voltage. In this study, to investigate edge...
X-ray Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are commonly used in modern X-ray astronomical satellites. Although the CCDs have good energy resolution, they have poor time resolution (a few seconds). Therefore we have been developing XRPIX which is a monolithic active pixel sensor based on Silicon On Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology for future satellites. XRPIX has time resolution shorter than 10...
We have been developing X-ray SOIPIX detectors named XRPIX for future X-ray astronomical satellites. SOIPIX is the CMOS pixel sensor with Silicon On Insulator (SOI) technology. XRPIX can detect the hard X-ray photons up to a few tens of keV thanks to its thick depletion layer with a thickness of a few hundreds of $\mu$m. Moreover, it has a high time resolution of a few $\mu$s and a moderate...
We have been developing monolithic active pixel detectors based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pixel technology, named “XRPIX”, for future X-ray astronomical satellite missions. The XRPIX series offers good time resolution (~1 ${\rm \mu}$s), fast readout time (~10 ${\rm \mu}$s), and wide energy range (0.5–40 keV) in addition to having imaging and spectroscopic capabilities comparable to...
We have been developing monolithic active pixel sensors, named "XRPIX", based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pixel technology for future X-ray astronomy satellites. XRPIX has the function of event trigger and hit address outputs, which allows us to read out analog signals only of hit pixels on trigger timing. Thus, XRPIX offers a good time resolution better than 10 $\mu{\rm s}$ and a high...
We have been developing event-driven X-ray Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) pixel sensors, called "XRPIX'', for next generation X-ray astronomy satellites. XRPIX is a monolithic active pixel sensor and fabricated using the SOI CMOS technology. X-ray CCDs are currently used as the standard imaging spectrometers for X-ray astronomy satellites. However, CCDs suffer from problems such as a poor time...
We propose a new type of astronomical X-ray interferometer without using mirrors. The structure is very simple, consisting of an X-ray absorption grating and an X-ray spectral imaging detector. Quasi-parallel light from a celestial object passing through the grating makes a self-image of the grating by the Talbot effect. Stacking the image with the grating pitch in the analysis provide the...
The SOI CMOS technology allows to fabricate monolithic pixel detectors in which the readout electronic and the sensor matrix are integrated on the same wafer. Characterization of a device designed in Cracow and produced in Lapis 0.2 $\mu m$ Fully-Depleted, Low-Leakage SOI CMOS technology was performed. The tested matrix consists of two pixel types: source-follower and charge-preamplifier...
Conventional mid-infrared (MIR) image sensors consist of infrared sensitive detector and readout integrated circuit (ROIC) with pixel-to-pixel interconnection such as Indium bump. This hybrid architecture provide us choices of sensor materials while the size of pixel and the amount of stray capacitance are limited by the hybridization. Here we propose a monolithic mid-infrared image sensor by...
We have been developing pixel detectors based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology for the particle tracking. SOI sensor technology provides ideal monolithic pixel detector thanks of fully-depleted sensor wafer integrated with high performance CMOS readout circuit. The "Sofist1" pixel sensor with 20$\mu$m$ \times $20$ \mu $m pixel size has been tested successfully. One remaining issue...
The talk will discuss the experiments planned for the High Luminosity LHC with dedicated focus on the silicon based systems. The special aspects to cope with the new environment and its challenges, e.g. very high radiation and very high instantaneous luminosity thus high pile-up, high occupancy and high data rate will be addressed. In this context, also exiting topics like Tracker, high...
Radiation damage effects in silicon sensors were extensively studied during LHC construction. These studies concentrated mostly on silicon sensors of n-type and led not only to reliable prediction of sensors operation by parametrizing damage effects at LHC, but also to ways of improving radiation hardness detectors by defect engineering (oxygenated detectors). Understanding the radiation...
Last decade has seen tremendous advancements in the development of x-ray detectors for photon science. Driven by the construction of new and upgrades of existing light sources and building on the experience of related instrumentation fields, detector for photon science have reached level of complexity and performance unimaginable a few years ago. This talk will provide an overview of current...
An astronomical X-ray imaging system combining an X-ray mirror and an X-ray imager began with the Einstein observatory launched in 1978. In this satellite, an imaging proportional counter was used as the focal plane detector of the Wolter type I X-ray focusing mirror. Following the Einstein observatory, ROSAT, ASCA and BeppoSAX were equipped with imaging gas counters.
In order to improve the ...
We have been developing various types of Si detectors for HEP(High Energy Physics) Experiments.
Hamamatsu SSD(Silicon Strip Detectors) has been used as a tracking detector in many collider experiments [ATLAS, CMS, BELLE, etc.] and space experiments [ FGST(GLAST), AGILE, etc.].
Hamamatsu APD(Avalanche Photo Diodes) is used as a photo detector of PWO4 scintillator in the CMS electromagnetic...
Infineon Technologies is developping single-sided AC-coupled Si-Strip-Sensors for the Phase-II-Upgrades of both ATLAS and CMS for the HL-LHC. The status and outlook of recent sensor-productions will be presented.
In this contribution, I will review the growing interest in implementing large area fast timing detectors with a time resolution of 30-50 ps based on low gain avalanche detectors. This interest is spurred as timing information is a very effective tool in pile-up rejection. Large scale high-precision timing detectors face formidable challenges in almost every aspect: sensors performance,...
Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) technology is considered to have the most suitable structure for a monolithic pixel detector. It achieved many important performance: less than 1 micron tracking resolution, good energy resolution with 10 electron noise level, radiation hardness of more than 100 kGy(Si), small layout size with PMOS and NMOS active merge, etc.
Overview of the SOI pixel process and...
Radiation damage effects at High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) expected fluences (greater than 2×1016 n/cm2 1 MeV equivalent) and total ionising doses (TID) (greater than 1 Grad) will impose very stringent constraints in terms of radiation resistance of solid-state detectors.
TCAD tools can be used to study the electric behaviour of different design options, in order to...
The Large Hadron Collider Beauty detector is a flavour physics detector, designed to detect decays of b- and c-hadrons for the study of CP violation and rare decays. At the end of Run-II, many of the LHCb measurements will remain statistically dominated. In order to increase the trigger yield for purely hadronic channels, the hardware trigger will be removed and the detector will operate at...
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider is the next-generation flavor factory, which will operate at an unprecedented instantaneous luminosity of 8×1035 cm-2s-1, about 40 times larger than its predecessor Belle experiment. Its vertex detector is composed of a two-layer DEPFET based pixel detector (PXD) and a four-layer double-sided silicon...
The talk gives an overview of the status and state of the art of pixel detectors in particle physics and reviews current trends and directions of new developments.
In particular high rate and high radiation applications of pixel detectors
like for the LHC Upgrade and developments that offer low material and low cost
will be addressed, including new developments on timing with silicon...
The tracking performance of the ATLAS detector relies critically on its 4-layer Pixel Detector, that has undergone significant hardware and software upgrades to meet the challenges imposed by the higher collision energy, pileup and luminosity that are being delivered by the Large Hadron Collider, with record breaking instantaneous luminosities of 1.3 x 10^34 cm-2 s-1 recently surpassed.
The...
The LHC is planning an upgrade program which will bring the luminosity up to about 7.5x10$^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ in 2027, with the goal of an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2037. This High Luminosity scenario, HL-LHC, will present new challenges of higher data rates and increased radiation tolerance for the pixel detector (2x10$^{16}$ neq/cm$^2$, or equivalently 1 Grad,...
The entire tracking system of the ATLAS experiment will be replaced in 2025 during the LHC Phase-II shutdown by an all-silicon detector called the “ITk” (Inner Tracker). The innermost part of ITk will be a pixel detector containing about 12.5m2 of sensitive silicon. The silicon modules are arranged on 5 layers of stave-like support structures in the most central region and ring-shaped...
In the recent development of pixel detector for the inner part of ATLAS detector upgrade of the High Luminosity LHC, thin planar pixel detector has been developed. To reduce hit occupancy, pixel size is smaller than currently operating pixel detector in ATLAS and the 2 options, 50um x 50um and 25um and 100um, are considered by the same 50um x 50um pitch readout ASIC. To evaluate the performace...
Readout chips for the HL-LHC upgrades have to address enormous challenges in terms of data throughput and radiation levels, ionizing and non-ionizing, that harm the sensing and readout parts of pixel detectors alike. Advances in microelectronics and microprocessing technologies now enable large scale detector designs with unprecedented performance in measurement precision (space and time)....
This paper presents a SOI pixel(SOIPIX) detector using pinned depleted diode structure suitable for high-energy-resolution X-ray imaging and high-sensitivity NIR imaging. The pinned depleted diode(PDD) structure greatly reduces the R-G dark current generation at the SOI back-gate and the read noise thanks to the very small sensing capacitance and improves the charge correction efficiency. This...
The OVERMOS project investigates the use of MAPS, fabricated using a standard low voltage and high resistivity substrate 180nm CMOS technology, for tracking and vertexing in HEP applications.
Following a description of the main features of the proposed CMOS technology, which should guarantee high charge collection efficiency even after high level of dose of radiation, we will detail the design...
Depleted monolithic CMOS active pixel sensors (DMAPS) have been developed to demonstrate their suitability as pixel detectors in the outer layers of the ATLAS Inner Tracker of High-Luminosity LHC. Since the charge collection by drift is mandatory to achieve the required radiation tolerance and timing resolution, sufficient depletion are needed. Two demonstrators have been fabricated in 150 nm...
Commercial HVCMOS technologies allow design of monolithic particle pixel sensors in the form of systems on a chip. Readout electronics is embedded in charge collection electrodes and particle detection occurs in depleted silicon region. The sensors have excellent efficiency in detection of ionizing radiation. In the past ten years, various smaller and reticle size particle detector prototypes...
The HV-CMOS concept for the next generation silicon detectors for high energy physics at hadron colliders aims to integrate the sensor and the readout electronics on the same chip using commercially available CMOS processes. This will significantly simplify the detector production. In addition the technology has a potential for significant improvement of the spatial resolution and for reducing...
The LHC is planning an upgrade program which will bring the luminosity to about $5-7\times 10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ in 2028, with a goal of an integrated luminosity of $3000 fb^{-1}$ by the end of 2037. This High Luminosity LHC scenario, HL-LHC, will require a preparation program of the LHC detectors known as Phase-2 upgrade. The current CMS Tracker is already running beyond design...
The CBC3 is the latest version of the CMS Binary Chip ASIC for readout of the outer radial region of the upgraded CMS Tracker at HL-LHC. It will instrument double-layer 2S-modules, consisting of two overlaid silicon microstrip sensors with aligned microstrips. On-chip logic identifies L1 trigger primitives from high transverse-momentum tracks by selecting correlated hits in the two sensors,...
A novel microstrip sensor geometry, the “stereo annulus”, has been developed for use in the end-cap of the ATLAS experiment’s strip tracker upgrade at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The radiation-hard, single-sided, ac-coupled, n+-in-p microstrip sensors are designed by the ITk Strip Sensor Collaboration and produced by Hamamatsu Photonics.
The stereo annulus design has...
Miniature sensors with outer dimension of 10 mm x 10 mm have been produced together with full size sensors for the innermost ring (R0) of the end-cap part in the upgraded ATLAS inner tracker (ITk). AC and DC coupled n-type strips with three different pitches (wide, default and narrow) were processed on high resistivity p-type FZ silicon substrates by Hamamatsu Photonics. Miniature sensors...
The upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC in 2025 will challenge the silicon strip detector performance with high fluence and long operation time. Sensors have been designed and tests on charge collection and electrical performance have been carried out in order to evaluate their behavior. Besides that, it is important to understand and predict the long-term evolution of the sensor...
The planned HL-LHC (High Luminosity LHC) is being designed to maximise the physics potential of the LHC with 10 years of operation at instantaneous luminosities of $7.5x10^{34}cm^{-2}s^{-1}$. A consequence of this increased luminosity is the expected radiation damage requiring the tracking detectors to withstand hadron equivalences to over $1x10^{15}$ 1 MeV neutron equivalent per $cm^{2}$ in...
3D sensors are a promising option for the innermost pixel layers at the High
Luminosity LHC. However, the required very high hit-rate capabilities,
increased pixel granularity, extreme radiation hardness, and reduced
material budget call for a device downscale as compared to existing 3D
sensors, involving smaller pitch (e.g., 50×50 or 25×100 µm2 ), shorter
inter-electrode spacing (~30 µm),...
3D silicon detectors, with cylindrical electrodes that penetrate the sensor bulk perpendicularly to the surface, present a radiation-hard sensor technology. Due to a reduced electrode distance, trapping at radiation-induced defects is less and the operational voltage and power dissipation after heavy irradiation are significantly lower than for planar devices. During the last years, the 3D...
A 3D-IC is an effective solution for reducing the manufacturing costs of advanced 2D LSI while ensuring equivalent device performance and functionalities. This technology allows for a new device architecture of stacked detectors/sensor devices with a small dead sensor area and facilitates hyper-parallel data processing. In pixel sensors and detectors, many transistors must be accommodated...
A novel femtosecond laser based Transient Current Technique (TCT) to probe the charge transport properties of single crystalline Chemical Vapor Deposition (sCVD) diamond sensors will be presented. In this method, the laser beam with the wavelength of 400 nm and pulse duration 30 fs enters the diamond through a polished edge (hence Edge-TCT or E-TCT) and is focused inside the bulk at a known...
The LHC has recently been upgraded to operate at higher energy and luminosity. In addition, there are plans for further upgrades. These upgrades require the optical links of the experiments to transmit data at much higher speed in a more intense radiation environment. We have designed a new optical transceiver for transmitting data at 10 Gb/s. The device consists of a 4-channel ASIC driving a...
Timing Resolution Measurements
of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors vs. Temperature, Fluence, Thickness
Hartmut F.W. Sadrozinski
representing the
UFSD Collaboration (UC Santa Cruz, INFN Torino, IJS Ljubljana, CNM Barcelona, LPNHE Paris)
We report on the performance of UFSD (Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors) from two vendors CNM (LGAD thickness 45μm) and HPK (LGAD thickness 50 and 80μm). UFSD are...
In this contribution, we present new developments in the production of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors at the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK, Trento, Italy).
Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) are innovative silicon sensors optimised for timing measurements based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode design. UFSD recently obtained a time resolution of $\sigma_t$ ~ 30 ps in beam tests and are now being...
Low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are attracted for fast response for realizing a 4D tracker in future experiment and for possible other applications. We have fabricated LGAD diodes and strip sensors and evaluated their characteristics including such as response to LEDs with various wavelengths/infrared laser, radiation hardness to proton and neutron irradiations. We noticed that a...
Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD), are customised Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) to obtain a high electric field region confined close to the reversed junction. As a consequence, only the electrons generated when an incident particle passes through the detector start the impact ionization. Thus multiply the charge collected by readout electronics without increasing the noise in the signal. Due...
The expected increase of the particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) with instantaneous luminosities up to L ≃ 7.5 × 10^{34} cm^{−2} s^{-1} will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. The pile-up is expected to increase on average to 200 interactions per bunch crossing. The reconstruction and trigger performance for electrons, photons as well as jets and...
DAMPE (DArk Matter Particle Explorer) is a satellite-borne cosmic-ray and gamma-ray detector, designed to probe high-energy astro particle physics in GeV-100 TeV range. It was launched on December 17, 2015 and started its on-orbit operation on December 24, 2015. The main objectives of DAMPE are the identification of possible indirect signatures of particle Dark Matter annihilation or decay, a...
We have developed a CdTe double-sided strip detector (CdTe-DSD) with a fine strip pitch of 60 $\mu$m for the FOXSI-3 sounding rocket experiment. The experiment aims to observe the Sun using direct-focusing optics in the hard X-ray range to achieve superior sensitivity and imaging dynamic range over that of previous, indirect imagers. The CdTe-DSD is the focal plane detector for the hard X-ray...
For a long time, Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe/ CZT) have been considered to be suitable materials for various high energy photon detection applications. Unlike elementary semiconductors such as silicon (Si) or Germanium (Ge), the control over the material quality (of CdTe and CZT), is substantially more complicated and is determined during the crystal growth,...
Far-infrared (FIR) wavelength (30-200 $\mu$m) is an important tool to study the formation of planets, stars and galaxies. Gallium doped germanium (Ge:Ga) extrinsic photo-conductors (PCs) and cryo-PMOS readout integrated circuits (ROICs) were used in the previous space infrared astronomical observatories such as AKARI and Spizer.
Development of FIR large format image sensor is,...
Compton imaging is a promising gamma-ray imaging method because of its collimator-less detection and the application to medical field is expected. However the imaging capability for distributed sources is still under investigation because of its low signal to noise ratio derived from Compton cones. To solve this problem, we introduce double photon emission imaging based on Compton imaging for...
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique to simultaneously obtain spatial distributions of multiple atoms and molecules. Molecules such as lipids, proteins, and administered drugs in a biological tissue can comprehensively be observed without labeling. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is the most major ionization method used for IMS. Higher spatial...
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) has been proposed in China as a Higgs and/or Z factory. A pre-CDR study has been conducted which identified critical R&Ds for each sub-system of the detector and the accelerator. Pixel sensors with high spatial resolution and low material budget are required to construct the inner most layers of vertex sub-detector. As a part of R&D activities, a...
For tracking detectors at future linear colliders a high-precision position measurement is required. In order to limit multiple scattering, a detector with low material budget id advantageous. Monolithic structures represent a promising solution for such detectors. This work presents the test beam results of pixel detectors fabricated in Lapis $200~nm$ Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS...
The SOI technology is very attractive realizing high-performance monolithic pixel devices. The TID tolerance has been a mojor issue in applicatons, as the positive charges accumulated in the oxide layers deteriorate the performance of the nearby FETs. With use of the innovative double-SOI, the TID effect is shown to be compensated by applying negative voltages to the middle layer. We...
Radiation hardness improvement of FD-SOI MOSFETs has been investigated in terms of positive charge compensation in buried oxide (BOX) by applying back-gate bias. In general, the radiation tolerance of SOI MOSFET is low in total ionizing dose (TID) because the relatively thick oxide, BOX, exists underneath the MOSFETs and the positive charge generated in the oxide by the irradiation. Then,...
We report on total ionizing dose effects on the X-ray SOI pixel sensor, XRPIX. The XRPIX has been developed as an imaging spectrometer for X-ray astronomical use in space. Front- and back-illuminated (FI and BI) devices were irradiated with hard X-rays from an X-ray tube operated at 30 kV with Molybdenum target. We found that the degradation rate of readout noise performance of the FI device...
Digital pickup is a critical issue to pixel detectors. SOI technology suffered much from it due to the capacitive coupling between sensing electrode and pixel circuit, insulated by a thin layer of SiO2. In order to tackle this issue, an advanced process called Double-SOI has been developed and many prototype chips have been submitted to this process. Among them, the design of CPIXTEG3b is...
We are developing new high-speed readout system for Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) Pixel Detectors. The SOI detector is a monolithic radiation imaging detector based on a 0.2um FD-SOI CMOS process. As before, we used Xilinx Virtex-4/5 FPGA readout board for SOI detector, and developed many facilities for this board. However, Virtex-4/5 FPGA is now obsoleted and does not have enough performance for...
The Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) is one of the fundamental concepts of the theory of General Relativity. It has long been subjected to experimental tests, and possible anomalies are evaluated using the ratio of inertial and gravitational masses or the Eotvos parameter. However, most experimental tests have been performed in the classical regime and only few tests have been attempted in the...
A solution to the strong CP problem was proposed by introducing a pseudoscalar particle, the Axion, in 1977. Both the experimental constraints and the theoretical predictions have been made by various approaches in Particle physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology so far.
We discuss configuration of the Solar Axion search experiment with a 57Fe foil, as an Axion-photon converter, sandwiched pixel...
In recent industrial sites of the fabricated metal product manufacturing, total inspection of residual stress or hardness in non-destructive non-contact is required. However, the conventional measurement system only used in a sampling inspection because it takes a long time to measure. Therefore, we are developing high speed Debye-ring measurement system using integration-type SOI pixel...
The current experiment aims to establish new limits on the axion mass for the hadronic window, using 57 Fe isotopes to search for an excess of solar axions at 14.4 keV. In order to improve the current limits, we make use of an X-ray SOI pixel detector; this device offers a fine granularity, a good energy resolution and a event-driven mode in the RoI (Region of Interest), besides the...
We propose a new on-chip optical color filter of nanostructured metallic thin film for multispectral imaging based on surface plasmon resonance. This plasmonic color filter consists of periodic corrugated metallic nano-grating with sub-wavelength single aperture. Selected wavelength of incident light excites surface plasmon resonance by the concentric periodical corrugation on metal surface....
Photon counting computed tomography (PCCT) based on indirect conversion detectors have taken great interests from its low fabrication cost and easy handling. Recent fine-pitch scintillator array also shows great potentials for spatial resolution enhancement. However, requirements for photo detector are still severe for precise energy and position measurement in PCCT.
In order to achieve...
