CEC-ICMC 2019 - Abstracts, Timetable and Presentations

Jul 21, 2019, 8:00 AM → Jul 25, 2019, 1:00 PM US/Eastern

Connecticut Convention Center, Level 6

CEC Conference Chair: Jennifer Marquardt, CEC Program Chair: Luisa Chiesa, CEC Co-Program Chair: Jacob Leachman, ICMC Conference Chair: Timothy Haugan, ICMC Program Chair: Charles Rong

The Technical Program can be accessed via the Timetable Views on the left.

• All PLENARY sessions and Awards Presentations will be held in the Marriott Ballroom at the Hartford Marriott Downtown Hotel.
• Oral session M3Or4A – Joint CEC & ICMC Session: Transportation Overview (Wednesday, July 24, 4:15 – 6:20 PM) will also be held in the Marriott Ballroom at the Hartford Marriott Downtown Hotel.
• All OTHER sessions, the Exhibit and social events will be held on Level 6 of the Connecticut Convention Center.

Any individual presenting at and/or attending CEC/ICMC 2019 must be a registered participant. Click here for registration information.

If you have a presentation, you must first login via the upper right corner; then and click on “My Contributions” below “Presentation(s)”.

All presenters are encouraged to upload an electronic copy of their poster in .PDF format prior to their presentation at the scheduled CEC/ICMC’19 session. Presenters of oral talks MUST ALSO submit their presentation file to the Speaker Ready Room one (1) day prior to their scheduled presentation.

Session ID’s & Presentation ID’s
The first character of the session ID, C or M, represents the Conference designation, C for the CRYOGENIC Engineering Conference (CEC), M for the International Cryogenic MATERIALS Conference (ICMC). The second character, 1, 2, 3 or 4, denotes the day of the Conference: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday. The third and fourth characters (Or or Po) indicate whether the presentation is in an oral or poster session. The fifth character represents the morning or afternoon time slot and the last character, A-G, differentiates the sessions on a given day. The presentation ID consists of the session ID plus the order within the session. Session ID examples are: C1Po1A (CEC Poster on Monday); M1Or1A (ICMC Oral on Monday). Presentation ID examples are: M1Or1A-01; C1Po1A-01.

Click on the image below to download the Schedule at a Glance in PDF format.

All other conference information can be found on the CEC/ICMC'19 website at http://www.cec-icmc.org.

CallForAbstracts.pdf

CECICMC19_SAG_7.1.19.pdf

Sunday, July 21

8:00 AM → 5:00 PM Cryogenic Society of America (CSA) Short Courses

Visit https://www.cec-icmc.org/csa-short-courses/ for details.

8:00 AM → 2:00 PM ICMC Short Course

Visit https://www.cec-icmc.org/conference-program/icmc-short-course/ for details.

3:00 PM → 7:00 PM Registration Open

6:30 PM → 8:00 PM Welcome & Exhibitor Reception

Monday, July 22

7:45 AM → 7:50 AM Registration Open (7:00 AM - 5:00 PM)

7:50 AM → 7:55 AM Cryo Expo Open - 9:00 AM - 4:00 PM

7:55 AM → 8:15 AM Opening & CEC Awards (7:55 AM - 8:15 AM)

8:15 AM → 9:00 AM Plenary: Andy Marsh | Plug Power, Inc.

Conveners: Jacob Leachman (Washington State University), Jennifer Marquardt (Ball)

8:15 AM C1PL01: The Growing Hydrogen Economy and the Need for Liquid Hydrogen

McKinsey has estimated that hydrogen could account for one-fifth of the total energy consumed by 2050. In 2030 it is envisioned that over 10-15 million automobiles and 500,000 commercial vehicles could be powered by hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen is potentially very attractive for fuel delivery as well as on-board vehicle usage in the transportation segment. There are challenges today including storage costs, evaporation rate, energy consumption and safety in deploying liquid hydrogen. This talk will explore the opportunities for liquid hydrogen in mobility as well as the challenges facing engineering companies today in deploying liquid hydrogen in the transportation segment.

Speaker: Andy Marsh (Plug Power Inc.)

9:00 AM → 10:00 AM Morning Break (during Poster Session)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1A - Cryogenic Rotating Machinery

https://whova.com/portal/webapp/cecic_202107/Artifact

Conveners: Philipp Arnold (European Spallation Source ESS AB), Weibo Chen (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

9:00 AM C1Po1A-02 [23]: A novel hydrogen turbo-expender with active magnetic bearings and an eddy current brake

A cryogenic expander for hydrogen liquefier with active magnetic bearings and an eddy current brake was designed and will be made and tested. The shaft design and strength review is very important factors for the turbine since it affects the performance and safety of the expander significantly. In order to product lower temperature hydrogen, the liquefier needs a very small and high-speed turbo-expander. But there are few studies of expander with both active magnetic bearings and eddy current brakes. In this study, the speed of the turbine is up to 100000 rpm. Its cooling power is 3kw. The inlet pressure is 1Mpa and the outlet pressure is 0.8Mpa.Under this condition, the turbine was designed and the simulation was done via COMSOL Multiphysics.

Speaker: Prof. Jihao Wu (1.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

9:00 AM C1Po1A-03 [22]: Effect of Leading-edge Geometry and Thickness on The Performance of Miniature Cryogenic Expansion Turbine

The numerical simulation included solid blades with four different leading-edge thicknesses and four different leading-edge geometries. One of the geometries was square, one was ellipse a(ellipse ratio is 1), one was ellipse b(ellipse ratio is 2), and the other was ellipse c(ellipse ratio is 3). The four thicknesses were 0.7mm, 0.6mm, 0.5mm, 0.4mm. The results show increased efficiency loss for increased leading-edge thickness for square geometry. For ellipse geometries, there was no significant difference when the leading-edge thickness changed at the positive incidence range. For the same leading-edge thickness(0.7mm), square leading-edge caused more loss than ellipse leading-edge. For square geometry, the optimal incidence angle was about -8 degree(0.7mm). For ellipse geometries, the optimal incidence angle was about -30 degree(0.7mm). And with the decrease of leading-edge thickness, the square's optimal incidence angle was toward to zero degree, the ellipse's optimal incidence angle was toward to larger negative angle.

Speaker: Changlei Ke

KCL CEC2019-presentation.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1A-04 [21]: Design and Experiment Study of Cryogenic Helium Turbine Expander

Cryogenic helium turbine expander is a core component of large helium refrigerators and liquefiers. Two-stage cryogenic helium turbine expanders are designed for 250W@4.5K helium refrigerator. One-dimensional design have been done based on the parameters calculated by the process. According to the geometric parameters calculated by the one-dimensional design, a new modeling method is adopted to design the blade shape of the expander. The two stage turbine expander are successfully applied to 250@4.5K helium refrigerator, and the efficiency of the two expander are higher than 65%.

Speaker: Dr Kongrong Li (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry)

LKR CEC2019-presentation.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1A-07 [19]: Study on the Load Capacity of New Type Gas-lubricated Spiral-Groove Thrust Bearing

Absrtact: The influence of the number of grooves, the spiral angle, the groove depth, the ratio of length and width of spiral-groove thrust bearing on bearing capacity is analyzed by using fluent fluid computing software, and the influence of two new parameters---slope angle and internal spiral line---on load capacity of spiral-groove thrust bearing is also simulated, the parameters of spiral groove gas bearing are optimized to solve the maximum load capacity gas-lubricated spiral-groove thrust bearing. The results show that there is an optimal value for slope angle and internal spiral line to maximize the load capacity.
Key words: spiral groove; conventional parameters, the slope angle, the internal spiral line, load capacity

Speaker: Dr Xiaohua Zhang

9:00 AM C1Po1A-08 [18]: Test of a submersible liquid helium transfer pump

Most laboratory scale helium plants use pressurization of the storage Dewar to achieve the subsequent transfer of the liquefied helium. The unavoidable throttling in the transfer line in combination with cold gas displacement leads to high flash gas losses of up to 30 % of the transferred helium. Furthermore, filling rates are limited. A transfer pump in combination with a double-flow transfer line can overcome these shortcomings. A test setup was established between two mobile Dewars. This allows assessing basic performance parameters of the pump. An overview of the setup and first measurement results are presented.

Speaker: Steffen Kloeppel (TU Dresden)

190708_Poster Pumpe.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1A-09 [17]: Development of a cryo-rotary joint for thermosyphon cooling system up to 1000 rpm

Electric propulsion systems with MW-class output power density are expected to reduce fuel consumption of the current passenger aircrafts. In this scheme, motors and generators should have an output of 4000-30000 hp and capable of high-speed rotation. A high-temperature superconducting motor fitted with an adequate cooling system has the potential to achieve the requested efficiency and high-power density. The cooling system is required to maintain the operating temperature under high-speeds, over 1000 rpm. The cryo-rotary joint is an integral part of the cooling system as it is necessary to provide refrigerant to the evaporator in the rotor. However, the cryo-rotary joint generates heat as a function of rotating speed. The heat is significant at high-speeds and it affects to both efficiency and the cooling system. To solve this problem, we developed the cryo-rotary joint which has a structure to suppress the heat generation. The new cryo-rotary joint was installed for a neon thermosyphon cooling system to evaluate its performance at speeds up to 1000 rpm.

Speaker: Mr Kota Yamaguchi (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology)

9:00 AM C1Po1A-10 [16] (Jiaho Wu) - Presentation Withdrawn

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1B - Aerospace Applications

Conveners: Jacob Leachman (Washington State University), Adam Swanger (NASA Kennedy Space Center)

9:00 AM C1Po1B-01 [14]: Robotic Refueling Mission 3—An Overview

Robotic Refueling Mission 3 (RRM3) is an external payload on the International Space Station (ISS) to demonstrate the techniques for storing and transferring a cryogenic fuel, specifically methane, on orbit. The RRM3 Source Dewar was filled with ~19 kg (~42 liters) of liquid methane on October 28, 2018 and has been maintained with zero boil-off using a mechanical cryocooler since that time. RRM3 was launched from the Kennedy Space Center on SpaceX Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) 16 on December 5, 2018 and berthed on the ISS Express Logistics Carrier on December 15. Methane is transferred from the Source Dewar to a Receiver Dewar through one of three transfer lines—one hardline that was established when the system was built and two flexible lines that will require robotic operation prior to the transfer. RRM3 was designed and built at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Initial testing was performed at GSFC using liquid nitrogen and liquid argon. Final testing and flight fill of methane was performed at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) because KSC has the necessary facilities and expertise for handling a combustible cryogen. This paper gives an overview of the process and challenges of developing the payload and the results of its on-orbit performance.

Speaker: Dr Susan Breon (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

C1Po1B-01 RRM3 Overview Presentation V3.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1B-02 [13]: Integrated Refrigeration and Storage of LNG for Compositional Stability

Growing interest in liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a rocket fuel necessitates a greater technical understanding of the compositional changes due to preferential boil-off (or weathering) that occurs during long duration storage. The purity of methane in LNG can range from 90 to 98%, and is subject to preferential boil-off due to its low boiling point compared to other constituents despite the use of high-performance thermal insulation systems. Active heat extraction (i.e. refrigeration) is required to completely eliminate weathering. For future operational safety and reliability, and to better understand the quality and efficiency of the LNG as a cryofuel, a 400-liter Cryostat vessel was designed and constructed to measure the composition and temperatures of the LNG at a number of different liquid levels over long durations. The vessel is the centerpiece of a custom-designed lab-scale integrated refrigeration and storage (IRaS) system employing a G-M cryocooler capable of roughly 300 W of lift at 100 K. Instrumentation includes ten temperature sensors mounted on a vertical rake and five liquid sample tubes corresponding to five liquid levels. Two modes of operation are studied. The first is without refrigeration in order to determine a baseline in the change in composition, and to study stratification of the LNG. The second is performed with the cryocooler active to determine the operational parameters of the IRaS system for eliminating the weathering as well as stratification effects in the bulk liquid. The apparatus design and test method, as well as preliminary test results are presented in this paper. As a bonus in cost-saving and operational efficiency, the capability of the IRaS system to provide zero-loss capabilities such as zero boil-off (ZBO) keeping of the LNG and zero-loss filling/transfer operations are also discussed.

Speaker: Ms Laura Rose (NASA Kennedy Space Center)

9:00 AM C1Po1B-03 [12]: Investigation on thermodynamic characteristics of cryogenic propellant slosh under varied gravity conditions

Acceleration variation in low-gravity environment could significantly affect propellant slosh as well as thermodynamic behaviors inside cryogenic tank of vehicle upper stage. To realize reliable space management of cryogenic propellant, liquid-gas interface movement and deformation as well as associated pressure evolution during the slosh process should be understood previously. In the present study, a 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on FLUENT software is introduced to assist the slosh analysis. The interface variations under different gravity changes are simulated, and interface oscillation damping features for both of smooth tank and baffle tank are compared and presented. The results show that the baffles indeed suppress interface slosh amplitude under relatively high gravity level, while the baffles effect is reduced under low-gravity condition. Moreover, when liquid level is higher than the top baffle position, the baffles could not suppress the slosh apparently. If the propellant tank experiences a sudden change from a high gravity to the microgravity level, extra contact between cold liquid and hot ullage-adjacent wall could bring about remarkable heat transfer and liquid evaporation, which further suppress the depressurization behavior in the beginning of ballistic period. In general, the present study could present the fluid behaviors and thermodynamic characteristics inside the cryogenic tank under slosh conditions, and the results could provide a reference for space propellant management and sequence setup.

Speaker: Mr Lei Wang

9:00 AM C1Po1B-05 [10]: Estimation of heat dissipation on a rotating rotor over superconducting magnet bearing

The continuously rotational mechanism is one of key devices to holds a sapphire half wave plate (HWP) in a polarization modulator of a LiteBIRD satellite. Due to the system requirement, the HWP has to be kept at the cryogenic temperature while it is spinning. Thus, we employ a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) and AC synchronous motor, contactless rotational mechanism, to achieve the continuous rotation at the temperature range about 10 K. While we can minimize the frictional heat loss, an estimation of heat dissipation to this contactless rotor is important to predict how much the HWP temperature rises during its rotation. For an estimation of heat dissipation, we conduct two types of experiments in order to establish the thermal simulation model equivalent to the flight model in size. One is the experiment to estimate a thermal contact conductance s between the rotor and the cryogenic rotor holder mechanism. In this experiment, the rotor levitates still over a SMB with a heater and a thermometer mounted on the rotor, and thus we can apply a known Joule heat input. Then the rotor is grabbed through the cryogenic rotor holder mechanism. The other experiment is to monitor the difference of the temperature before and after the rotor rotation. We further monitor the transient temperature profiles of the holder mechanism after the rotor is gripped. The rotational time is related to the heat dissipation to the rotor because the heat dissipation is attributed to two kinds of energy losses: a magnetic hysteresis and induced eddy currents on metal parts of the rotor. Finally, we make a comparison between the thermal model and the experimental result and estimate the heat dissipation to the rotor during its spinning.

Speaker: Dr Teruhito Iida (ispace, inc.)

C1Po1B-05 Estimation of heat dissipation on a rotating rotor over superconducting magnet bearing.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1B-07 [09]: Numerical Analysis of Fluid Transients Induced by Valve Operation in Cryogenic Feed lines

Rapid change in fluid flow conditions, whether purposeful or accidental, may result in the generation of a pressure spike in the fluid flow system followed by oscillations of pressure which is known as the fluid transient/fluid hammer. The maximum amplitude of these oscillations may go beyond the safe operating limits of the system producing detrimental effects on pipelines, valves, pumps and other fluid network devices. Sometimes, the system pressure may also go below the vapor pressure of the fluid due to oscillating behavior of the wave which results in cavitation. Hence, it is essential to consider the effect of fluid transients for the correct design of the cryogenic propellant feed system of space launch vehicles which involves rapid closure and the opening of valves.

In the current work, a mathematical model is formulated using the Method of Characteristics to predict fluid transients occurring due to sudden closure and the opening of the valve in the cryogenic propellant feed system. Various unsteady friction models are incorporated in the mathematical model to study the effect of friction on dampening of the pressure wave. The applicability of the developed model is evaluated by comparing its predictions with the results available in the literature. It is observed from the current study that the first peak of the pressure oscillations can accurately be simulated with steady/quasi-steady friction, but the prediction of precise attenuation of pressure wave requires the inclusion of unsteady friction term.

Speaker: Arpit Mishra (Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India)

9:00 AM C1Po1B-08 [08]: Experimental study on effect of non-uniform heat flux on self-pressurization and thermal stratification in a ground cryogenic tank

Simulations on self-pressurization and thermal stratification in cryogenic propellant storage tanks have been widely conducted in the literature. However, for the applications on orbit, the heat flux entering the tank could be non-uniform as the solar radiation angle varies, which may result in deviation of the behavior of pressurization and thermal stratification from regular conditions. That is, the knowledge on uniform heat load situations may not be applicable to practical ones. Moreover, few experimental studies on the non-uniform heating effect are available in the literature. In the present study, a ground experimental system has been established to investigate the self-pressurization and thermal stratification behaviors of liquid nitrogen with various fill-level under non-uniform heat leakage conditions. The comparative heat flux application modes include liquid-wetted-surface heating only, semi-liquid-wetted-surface heating, ullage-wall-surface heating only, semi-ullage-wall-surface heating, semi-liquid-semi-vapor surface heating, and all-liquid-vapor- surface heating. The fill-level of liquid nitrogen ranges from 30% to 90% for each mode. The pressurization rates and the temperature profiles within the liquid and ullage are both recorded and compared. Mechanism of the effects are discussed in perspective of cryogenic fluid convection.

Speaker: Mr X.J Qin (Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University)

9:00 AM C1Po1B-09 [07]: CFD Analysis of Vortex Tube with Two-phase Air at Cryogenic Temperature

Ranque Hilsch vortex tube is commonly used with compressed air at atmospheric temperature for refrigeration purpose in various industrial applications. Literature shows that vortex tube can also be used as a potential device to separate compressed partially condensed air at cryogenic temperature into its main constituents – oxygen and nitrogen. When compressed partially condensed air is used as the working fluid, both energy separation and phase separation occur in the vortex tube. Due to turbulent mass transfer between the liquid phase and the vapor phase of air inside the tube, oxygen rich fluid stream comes out from the hot outlet and nitrogen rich fluid stream comes out from the cold outlet of vortex tube. Cryogenic vortex tube can be a potential device for use in an in-flight air collection and enrichment system of air breathing propulsion. However, literature on the CFD analysis of vortex tube with two-phase air flow at cryogenic temperature is very limited.

In this work, CFD simulation is conducted using the CFD software FLUENT to investigate energy separation and phase separation in vortex tube with partially condensed air at cryogenic temperature using the Eulerian multiphase model. Flow parameters inside the vortex tube operating with two-phase air are investigated and compared with those obtained for single phase vortex tube flow. Temperature separation with two-phase air is found to be less than that with the gaseous air. A thin layer of liquid is observed near the wall of the vortex tube in case of two-phase flow indicating phase separation in the vortex tube. Liquid mass fraction at the hot outlet is seen to be higher than that at the inlet. This indicates to oxygen enrichment of air at the hot outlet, because oxygen concentration is higher in the warmer liquid phase due to its lower volatility than nitrogen. Flow through the cold outlet is found to be predominantly gaseous with negligible liquid mass fraction, which indicates to nitrogen rich flow through the cold outlet.

Speaker: Prof. Tanmay Dutta (IIT (ISM) Dhanbad)

9:00 AM C1Po1B-10 [06]: A Model Based Systems Engineering Approach to Achieve Zero Boil-off on A Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Spacecraft

Aerojet Rocketdyne’s 2033 Fast Conjunction Vehicle Concept to get to Mars is split into five segments: Deep Space Habitat, Inline Stages 1-3 and Core Stage. The three Inline Stages are propellant tanks carrying 19,205kg of liquid hydrogen (LH2). The Core Stage contains a smaller propellant tank of 14,084kg of LH2, a radiation attenuator and three nuclear thermal rocket engines. Each individual segment requires its own SLS rocket launch and will be launched every 180 days. Each segment will orbit around the moon—Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO). NASA chose NRHO based on its low orbital stationkeeping and low thermal influence. The Inline Stage 1 is the first LH2-containing segment to reach NRHO with a loiter period of 905 days. Heat loads are of critical importance when storing LH2 due to its low boiling point. Venting the boiled LH2 is not an option for a mission of this length, which is why cryogenic fluid management (CFM) systems of passive and active cooling techniques need to work together to ensure zero boil-off. Several CFM systems will be simulated with one particular configuration involving lightweight, highly effective sun shades. Sun shades are deployable, radiation reflective shields that intercept incoming thermal radiation. Multiple sun shades can be stacked together and angled to allow thermal radiation between shields to reflect outward to space. A 2016 study showed that a two-stage cryocooler requires less mass and energy than a single-stage for large tanks due to the increase in heat load. By implementing one to many sun shades in-between the spacecraft and the sun, perhaps a single stage cryocooler configuration would be more advantageous—shown in the same 2016 study when looking at small tanks. Software tools such as Systems Modeling Language, MATLAB, Systems Tool Kit, and Model Center collaborate together to resolve this hypothesis.

Speaker: Mr Justin Conner (The University of Alabama in Huntsville)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1C - Stirling and VM Coolers

Conveners: Ian McKinley (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Jennifer Marquardt (Ball)

9:00 AM C1Po1C-01 [05]: Development of a kW-class Stirling cryocooler for liquefaction of natural gas

Our research group has developed a kW-class Stirling cryocooler. The Stirling cryocooler adopts a ‘gamma-type’ configuration operated with a linear compressor. The cold-end of the Stirling cryocooler is equipped with a heat exchanger that can accept and eventually liquefy natural gas (NG). The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stored in an auxiliary reservoir. In this research paper, the experiments as a proof of concept has been carried out. The Stirling cryocooler has been sorely tested prior to adopting the heat exchanger as the aforementioned above. It has been confirmed that the Stirling cryocooler can exert over 1 kW cooling capacity at 110 K cold-end temperature with 9 kW compressor input. This research paper mainly focuses on (1) relevant technical issues during the cooler development process and (2) demonstrating the liquefaction of argon gas (instead of using NG for the sake of safety regulation). The system presented in this paper, therefore, can be a good candidate for a small-scale liquefier does not require oil-involved maintenance.

Speaker: Dr Jiho Park (Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials)

9:00 AM C1Po1C-02 [04]: Wide temperature range test of high capacity Stirling cryocooler

This paper describes the cooling performance test of a free piston Stirling cryocooler accompanied by a double acting linear compressor. Although, the aforementioned Stirling cryocooler had originally been subjected to 77 K applications, i.e. liquid nitrogen (LN2), in this research, we have tried to figure out the cooling performance of the Stirling cryocooler operating above-110 K temperature range. The relevant targets are as the follows, i.e. high temperature superconducting (HTS), liquid natural gas (LNG) re-liquefaction and industrial ultra-low freezer applications. During the experiments, the instantaneous pressures, displacement of the piston and the displacer, current and voltage have been acquired as the cold-end temperature varied from 110 K to 190 K. The Stirling cryocooler has recorded the Carnot COP to be 25%, 27%, 28% and 29% at the cold-end temperatures of 110 K, 120 K, 150 K and 190 K, respectively. In this research paper, all the physical variables will extensively be analyzed by a ‘dynamic model’ and the relevant operational issues will also be discussed.

Speaker: Dr Junseok Ko (Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials)

CEC2019_C1Po1C-02 - v1.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1C-03 [03]: The Study on High Efficiency and Low Vibration Flexure Bearing Stirling Cryocooler

In this paper, a high efficiency and low vibration stirling cryocooler has been designed and manufactured. The high efficiency compressor implementing the technology of dual opposed moving magnet motor and flexure bearing has been optimized to drive pneumatically a stirling cold finger also implementing flexure bearing technology. Through theoretical study and experimental study, the cryocooler can reach performance of 3W/80K under 60 WAC of electrical power. The vibration of compressor is suppressed by reducing the weights of moving-masses and controlling the process of assembling. The vibration suppression of the cold finger is implemented in terms of a mass-spring passive balancer. The vibrations of compressor and the cold finger could be decreased to below 5.6 mg and 1.9 mg respectively under the above solutions.

Speaker: Mr Chuanlin Yin

9:00 AM C1Po1C-04 [02]: Research progress of the Vuilleumier-type cryocooler working at liquid helium temperature and its further application prospect

The Vuilleumier (VM) cycler was first invented in 1908 and the Vuilleumier-type (VM-type) cryocooler has been developed over 100 years up to now. The VM-type cryocooler is driven by a thermal compressor and it inherits the advantage of compactness and high theoretical efficiency from the traditional Stirling-type cryocooler. It has been a current hotspot in regenerative mechanical cryocooler because the relative studies have proved its great potential to work at liquid helium temperature. In this paper, the research progress of the 4K VM-type cryocooler was showed. The detailed comparison in performance and working pattern between three different types of 4K VM-type cryocooler including VM displacer-type cryocooler, VM hybrid pulse tube cryocooler and VM-type pulse tube cryocooler is carried out. The further application prospect of the 4K VM-type cryocooler has been presented.

Speaker: Dr Liubiao Chen (CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100049, China)

Wang Jue 1.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1C-05 [01]: Numerical investigation on geometry's influence in double stage Vuilleumier type pulse tube cryocooler (VM-DPTC)

The double stage Vuilleumier type pulse tube cryocooler (VM-DPTC) is a novel kind of 4K-class pulse tube cryocooler driven by thermal compressor. Besides its compact size and low-frequency working pattern eliminating the moving parts in cryogenic temperature (<77K) will improve the working stability and reduce the inherited losses. To design a proper 4K double stage pulse tube cryocooler under a certain thermal compressor, a numerical model based on Sage 10 software is established. The geometry of the pulse tube cryocooler especially the influence of different combination of two stage's length on the no-load temperature and cooling power at 4.2K are studied. The numerical results shows that the second stage length should be longer than the first stage length to prevent the better performance of the VM-DPTC.

Speaker: Dr Liubiao Chen (CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100049, China)

Wang Jue 2.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1D - Cryogen Technology

Conveners: Peter Bradley (NIST), Jonathan Demko (LeTourneau University)

9:00 AM C1Po1D-01 [25]: Cryogenic Flux Capacitor for Advanced Molecular and Energy Storage Applications

Effective storage and transfer of fluid commodities such as oxygen, hydrogen, natural gas, nitrogen, argon, and others is a necessity in many industries and for hosts of different applications. Molecules are typically contained as low pressure, cryogenic liquids; or as high-pressure gases. Liquefied gasses afford high energy and volume densities, but require complex storage systems to limit boil-off losses, need constant settling in zero-gravity, and are not well suited for overly dynamic situations where the tank orientation can change suddenly. Most cryogenic liquid tanks are complex, nested configurations to increase thermal performance, making them large, massive, and difficult to be made into conformal shapes. Conversely, high pressure gas storage bottles are unaffected by orientation, and can be kept at room temperature; however, these vessels are heavy-walled to contain the high pressures, and the energy densities associated with gas storage are dramatically lower. These two options are typically traded depending on the system requirements, but few practical options exist that provide the benefits while limiting the downfalls. Alternatively, the Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (CFC) technology employs nano-porous aerogel composites to store, by physisorption processes, large quantities of fluid molecules in a molecular solid-state condition, at moderate pressures and cryogenic temperatures. By virtue of its design architecture, a CFC device can be “charged” and “discharged” quickly and on-demand according to operational requirements. Three CFC application areas are introduced: CFC-Fuel, CFC-Cool, and CFC-Life, corresponding to designs utilizing fuels such as hydrogen and methane; inert fluids such as nitrogen and argon for cooling power; and oxygen or breathing air for life support. Data for physisorption within different aerogel composites are presented in terms of both mass and volumetric parameters. For several prototype CFC modules, the charging and discharging performance test data using nitrogen at 77 K are described.

Speaker: Adam Swanger (NASA Kennedy Space Center)

2019 CEC Hartford - CFC poster 13Jul2019.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1D-02 [26]: Distillation Based CO2 Removal from Natural Gas for Small and Medium Sized Plant

The removal of excess CO2 from natural gas to levels as low as 50 ppm is essential for the safe and reliable operation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) transport and delivery systems. Current chemical purification techniques, which are suitable for large processing plants, might not be suitable for small or mid-size plants which are expected to operate in future LNG delivery networks. The feasibility of purification of natural gas (NG) from CO2 down to a concentration of 50 ppm by multi-stage distillation is studied. A three-column distillation system is proposed that can purify NG to lower than 50 ppm concentration of CO2, while avoiding CO2 freezeout. The columns include a 30-stage demethanizer, in which high purity methane is obtained in the distillate by separating the impurities from natural gas including CO2; a 50-stage extractive column where the azeotrope between CO2 and ethane is broken; and a 50-stage solvent recovery column that recovers a mixture of heavy hydrocarbons suitable for recycling as a solvent back into the extractive column. The proposed system avoids CO2 freezeout by utilizing a multi component feed of some heavier hydrocarbons added to natural gas; propane, butane and pentane additives are injected into stage 20 of the demthanizer column alongside the raw feed. Furthermore, arrangements are made to break the CO2-ethane azeotrope, which may occur in the bottoms stream of the demthanizer by administering a solvent stream in the extractive column. The proposed system can operate in a closed loop arrangement where the bottoms stream that leaves the recovery column can be recycled and injected into the extractive column for azeotrope prevention.

Speaker: Veera Manek (Georgia Institute of Technology)

C1Po1D_02_Manek.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1D-03 [27]: Oxygen Separation in a Vortex Tube with Applied Magnetic Field

The large scale and efficiency of air separation units remain key barriers towards modular, distributed liquid oxygen systems. Identifying new physical separation mechanisms, or novel combinations of established methods, could enable the development of smaller, more modular air separation systems. In this paper we investigate the combination of centrifugal separation with paramagnetism of liquid oxygen in a vortex tube. The magnetic field is applied via externally mounted 1.5 T bar magnets along the length of the hot end of the vortex tube. Various calibrated air and argon-oxygen mixtures are tested. Inlet vortex tube fluid conditions are varied from 80-90 K and 303.4-337.8 kPa. Gas chromatography analysis on the calibrated air samples shows the magnetic field gradient on the vortex tube produced a 68% increase in oxygen separation compared to the non-magnetic trials. Comparisons are made to competing oxygen separation methods. The results indicate a potential to increase oxygen purity and yield in a more compact form factor.

Speaker: Ms Jordan Raymond (Washington State University)

CEC-ICMC 2019_Oxygen Seperation in a Vortex Tube with Applied Magnetic Field_Jordan Raymond.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1D-05 [28]: Design of dewar supports through topology optimization

Dewars are used to store and transport cryogens like LNG, LN2, LOX, LHe etc. These comprise two vessels, one placed inside the other and held together either at the “neck” (input/output port) or by support systems, depending on the capacity, the mechanical loads on the vessel and the boil-off characteristic of the stored cryogen. Support system based dewars are more common for real-life and industrial applications. Design of the support system are based on the principles that are used for high temperature pressure vessels. On the other hand, support system to be used for cryogenic fluid storage should also address the heat inleak through the supports along with the imposed mechanical load and thermal contraction-expansion effects. Some safety factors are prescribed in the literature to address these concerns; however, the scientific basis of design strategies available in the open literature so as to give a more scientific basis of design. This would result in reduction in use of excessive dimensions or material thereby reducing the payload and the capital cost. Considerations of mechanical load and thermal heat inleak often lead to diametric conclusions in terms of the diameter/thickness of the support system, leading to pareto-optimal solution. Topology optimization (TO) is often used to design structures like bridges, vehicles, robotic arms etc. by a systematic and sequential removal of the mass of the material being used to fabricate the given structure while meeting the constraints in terms of load bearing capacity of the structure and heat inleak. This methodology may be followed to arrive at an optimized geometry for the support system when the designer is unsure of the initial shape to start working. In this work, TO has been tested with various thermal and mechanical boundary conditions to arrive at optimized support geometry.

Speaker: B Nitin (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur)

Nitin_IndianInstituteOfTechnology_Kharagpur_India.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1D-06 [29]: Numerical study on cryogenic carbon capture by desublimation

Carbon dioxide (CO$2$) is the main contributor to greenhouse gases (GHG). Cryogenic carbon capture is a potential alternative for systems with higher CO$2$ concentration. These methods do not involve the use of any chemicals (like solvents, adsorbents etc.) or supports (like membrane), so that the costs of raw materials and/or their regeneration are done away with. Desublimation is one of the cryogenic carbon capture methods involving the conversion of gaseous CO$2$ to solid CO$2$ /dry ice by cooling the feed gas mixture. Before the desublimation of CO$2$ , all the condensable components (like water, particulate matter etc.) are removed. The primary unit of a desublimation-based carbon capture system is the desublimator that should ensure not only efficient cooling of the CO$2$ -laden gas but also effective removal of desublimated CO$2$ (solid) from the system. Nitrogen vapor, liquid nitrogen, liquid methane, hydrocarbon based refrigerant blend etc. are some possible coolants. A few numerical studies on the desublimation-based carbon capture have been reported in the literature. However, all the studies are based on feed gas with low CO$2$ concentration (up to 20 mol%) and carried out at lab scale only. In this work, a one dimensional numerical model of carbon capture process is developed for better understanding of CO$2$ desublimation process, with feed gas with higher CO$2$ concentration (>20 mol%). The model contains a tube-in-tube parallel-flow heat exchanger in which the CO$2$ -laden feed gas and the coolant are passed through the inner-and outer-tube of the heat exchanger respectively. The presented model shows the effects of the various process variables such as temperature, velocity etc. on the efficacy of carbon capture by desublimation. A parametric study is carried out to know the significance of each process variables.

Speakers: Mr Amit Rajkonwar (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur), Prof. Pavitra Sandilya (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1E - Large Scale Systems I

Conveners: Benjamin Hansen (Fermilab), Grzegorz Tatkowski (Fermilab)

9:00 AM C1Po1E-01 [30]: Helium management of ESS cryoplants with common safety relief header and recovery system

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility being built with extensive international collaboration in Lund, Sweden. Three cryogenic plants with a vast cryogenic distribution system meet the cooling requirements of the superconducting RF cavities in the accelerator (ACCP), the cold hydrogen moderators in the target (TMCP), a cryomodule test stand and the sample environments for neutron instruments (TICP). The first of the three plants, the TICP has been successfully installed, commissioned and acceptance tested in 2018 by Air Liquide Advanced Technologies. Meanwhile the other two cryoplants (ACCP and TMCP) are under commissioning and testing by Linde Kryotechnik AG. The cryoplants share common helium buffer tanks, safety relief headers and helium recovery system due to historical, economical and architectural reasons. The helium recovery strategy and system configuration will be described in the paper. Resulting challenges, risks and safety relevant events that happened during, especially parallel, commissioning activities will be presented. The measures implemented to mitigate major risk and lessons learned are addressed as well.

Speaker: Mr Philipp Arnold (European Spallation Source ERIC)

9:00 AM C1Po1E-04 [31]: Cryogenic System for the 2nd KSTAR Neutral Beam Injector

Another neutral beam injector (NBI-2) was added for the KSTAR plasma experiments, recently. It requires a deuterium gas cryo-condensation system with the pumping speeds over one million liter/sec. For this purpose, many cryo-panels and a liquid helium cryogenic system were designed and constructed take into accounting the previous NBI. After the independent performance tests of the NBI-2, it was connected to the KTSAR tokamak and applied in the plasma experiments in 2018. Details of the development results including engineering design, construction, and operation will be reported in this paper and presentation.

Speaker: Dr Young-Ju Lee (National Fusion Research Institute)

9:00 AM C1Po1E-05 [32]: Conceptual design of the CFETR cryogenic system

The “CFETR integration engineering design” project and the program to develop an “integrated research facility for key systems of fusion reactor” have been granted by China in 2017. For the CFETR cryogenic system, an engineering conceptual design will be accomplished in 2020. The cryogenic system heat load is being calculated basing on the updated parameters of CFETR: a major and minor radius of 7.2 and 2.2 m, a fusion power of 200 to 1500 MW, a toroidal field of 6.5 T and a plasma current of 10 to 14 MA. Special attention will be addressed to the heat loads of the magnet system consisted of both HTS and LTS superconductor, the tritium separation system, and the cryopumps working at atmospheric pressure due to the D-T reaction. After the average heat load is determined, the function breakdown analysis and operation mode analysis of the cryogenic system will be performed. Finally, a reference PFD design will be proposed.

Speaker: Dr XiaoGang Liu (ASIPP)

9:00 AM C1Po1E-06 [33]: Cryogenic System Design for CiADS Accelerator

China Initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is a high-power nuclear waste processing research facility being built at huizhou, Guangdong, CHINA. CiADS consists of a 2.5 MW superconducting proton linac with energy of 500 MeV and 5 mA, a liquid lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled fast reactor with 10 MW, and a granular flow target employed to coupling the accelerator and the sub-critical core. The superconducting part of the proton linac is about 300 meters long and contains 29 cryomodules cooled by super-fluid helium. In order to decrease head loss of 2K super-fluid helium, the cryomodule should contain one thermal radiation shield operating from 50 to 65 K to prevent thermal radiation. Additionally, 4.5-K gas helium is used to provide forced cooling to the fundamental power couplers for the 2K cavities of cryomodule. So, a helium cryogenic system is designed by IMP to supply different cooling power for cryomodules.

Speakers: Xiaofei Niu (CAS), xiaohong Guo (CAS)

9:00 AM C1Po1E-08 [34]: Thermodynamic and cost-effectiveness analyses of chosen cooling loops for local production of saturated superfluid helium in large cryogenic systems

Large scientific facilities applying HeII technologies usually use the Joule-Thomson expansion for the final production of saturated superfluid helium at their cryomodules or magnet cryostats. Required cooling power is usually delivered by the flow of subcooled liquid helium flow at
4.5 K and 3 to 4 bar(a). Then, the 4.5 K helium is precooled in a heat exchanger and throttled to a sub-atmospheric pressure below 50 mbar(a) to produce superfluid helium. This final throttling goes along an isenthalpic line which leads to the zone of wet vapour at quality of 15.9%. The efficiency of this process can be strongly affected by additional heat loads in the distribution line leading to higher temperatures in the heat exchanger as well as in the inlet to the JT valve, which may result in significantly higher quality of the throttled helium. This imperfection can be partly decreased by using a local subcooler or by splitting the expansion process into two phases with an intermediate point around 1.3 bar(a). However, these solutions require additional components, such as phase separators with some instrumentation and another throttling valve.
The paper presents the comparative thermodynamic analysis of the three cooling loops in respect to the initial, intermediate and final thermodynamic states of helium. Potential savings due to thermodynamic efficiency improvements are verified against the capital costs for different operation times.

Speakers: Jaroslaw Fydrych (European Spallation Source ESS AB), Dr Slawomir Pietrowicz (Wroclaw University of Technology)

C1Po1E-08poster.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C1Po1F - Superconducting Magnet Systems I

Conveners: Sastry Pamidi (CAPS/FSU), Mr Zijia Zhao (Tufts University)

9:00 AM C1Po1F-01 [35]: Thermal Analysis of a Superconducting Undulator Cryostat for the APS Upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade includes four 4.8-m long superconducting undulator (SCU) cryostats, each containing two up to 1.9-m long planar undulator NbTi magnets. The cooling is provided by six cryocoolers arranged in three thermal circuits. The magnets are indirectly cooled with LHe penetrating through channels in the magnet cores. This 4-K circuit which also includes a LHe tank, is cooled by five 4-K cryocooler 2nd stages. A beam vacuum that is thermally isolated from the magnets, is cooled by one 10-K cryocooler 2nd stage. A thermal shield and warm parts of current leads are cooled by the 1st stages of all six cryocoolers. This paper presents an ANSYS-based thermal analysis of the new SCU cryostat including all thermal circuits. The bench marked thermal conductance between the cryocooler cold heads and the LHe tank are used in the calculations as well as the measured cryocooler load lines. The model predicts temperatures in the system, total 4-K heat loads and an excess cooling power for various operational modes of the undulator.

Speaker: Dr Yuko Shiroyanagi (Argonne National Laboratory)

poster_C1Po1F-01.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1F-02 [36]: A New Superconducting Undulator Cryostat for the APS Upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is in the midst of a major facility upgrade consisting of a new electron storage ring (SR) and many new insertion devices (IDs) which will provide x-ray photon beams to a new suite of experimental end stations. Included among the new IDs are four 4.8-meter superconducting undulator (SCU) cryostats, each containing two 1.9-meter planar undulator magnets operating at 4.2 K in either an in-line or canted configuration. We describe a new, compact cryocooler-based cryostat design which supports the magnets and associated subsystems and also fits the space constraints of the SR ID straight sections. The design is an evolution of earlier single-magnet 2-meter cryostats, retaining some subsystem commonality while incorporating lessons learned and several features unique to the challenge of supporting two independently operable undulator magnets in a single device.
* Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Speaker: Mr Ethan Anliker (ANL)

CEC Poster.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1F-03 [37]: The design and analysis of a superconducting magnet system for high field MRI

A superconducting multi-coil magnet system has been designed, analyzed and optimized, serving as demonstrator for a high filed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This work focuses on the design and optimization of superconducting magnet, cryogenic cooling and cryostat systems.
The NbTi magnet system with multi-coils design has been optimized by balancing magnet performance, stability and offered field quality, against material- and cooling cost. The zero boil-off liquid He-cooled and conduction cooling system operated at 4.2 K, are both designed, analyzed and compared. For the cryostat, the space from inner surface of magnet to the room temperature bore should be kept narrow to maintain optimal field amplitude and homogeneity. This leads to the challenge of reconciling the mechanical constraints imposed by the coil geometry with the thermal insulation requirements. A straightforward structural elements is designed but with a high heat in-leak, while a local reinforced structure is also proposed and analyzed to achieve same space with less heat leak but with some manufacture difficulties. Here, the optimized design of the magnet system and its analysis (e.g. magnetic field, mechanical stress, thermal budget, etc.) are presented.

Speaker: Prof. Chao Zhou (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China )

9:00 AM C1Po1F-04 [38]: Design and fabrication of the conduction cooling unit for the YBCO magnet of 1 MW superconducting induction heater

The 1 MW HTS induction heater has developed for the non-ferrous metal industry where the HTS coil is used to generate a static magnetic field. The HTS magnet is made of YBCO conductor produced by Shanghai Superconductor, and the prospected operating temperature is about 25 K. The conduction-cooled HTS magnet consists of three solenoid coils wound with 18 km YBCO conductor. The inner and outer diameters of the YBCO magnet are Φ1960mm and Φ2009mm, respectively. The magnet system is cooled by two AL325 cryorefrigerators. According to the testing results at rated operation current of 130 A, the temperature of the HTS coils and the thermal shield are less than 20 K and 70 K, respectively, while are much better than the expected value.

Speaker: Dr Tao Ma (Beijing Jiaotong University)

9:00 AM C1Po1F-05 [39]: Conceptual cooling design for 14T MRI superconducting magnet system

At present,Ultra-high field MRI system is considered the right way to explore the human brain because of the brain activity would be seen at a resolution of hundreds of micrometers. In 2017,the Chinese government launched an ambitious project to design and manufacture a 14T MRI system in object to neuroscience research in future.The superconducting magnets made of Nb3Sn superconductor and NbTi superconductor is designed to generate a homogeneous field level of 14 T with a warm bore of 900 mm.In order to ensure the magnet could be operated in safety and stability with a higher temperature margin, the superconducting magnet system include main coil made of Nb3Sn superconductor and shielding coils made of NbTi superconductor will be immersed and cooled by the sub-cooled helium.In this paper,the concept design of the low-temperature structural and the cryogenic system will be introduced.

Speaker: Qiang Wang Hao

9:00 AM C1Po1F-07 [40]: The Effect of the Material in a well-coupled shorted Secondary on Quench Protection of an Insulated ReBCO Tape Solenoid Magnet that is Quench Protected by discharging the Magnet across a Constant Voltage Resistor

Studies suggest that an insulated ReBCO tape solenoid coil that is well-coupled inductively to shorted secondary can effectively be quench protected by discharging the coil across a constant voltage resistor. The discharge voltage across the constant voltage resistor is much lower than it would be for a constant resistance resistor that is used to achieve the same final quench temperature with or without a shorted secondary. How this quench protection works, depends on the constant voltage resistor characteristics, the properties of the shorted secondary circuit material and the amount of the material in the circuit. A previous paper suggests that the RRR shorted secondary circuit material is not important, which means that aluminum can be used in the secondary circuit and structural aluminum can support both the coil and the secondary circuit when that aluminum is on the outside of a solenoidal coil.

Speaker: Dr Michael Green (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)

C1Po1F-07 Poster.ppx.pdf

9:00 AM C1Po1F-09 [42]: The Thermo-Electric Design of the Electric Current Feeders of the HL-LHC Triplet Magnets

The HL-LHC Project currently undertaken by CERN that provides an upgrade to the existing LHC accelerator, is designed to increase the luminosity of the colliding particle bunches by a factor of at least five.
Part of this upgrade will require the replacement of the existing groups of three superconducting LHC triplet magnets situated on each side of the ATLAS and CMS detectors with similar groups of four higher field HL-LHC triplet magnets of a new design that exploit coils manufactured with cables in Nb3Sn superconducting alloy.
The HL-LHC triplet magnets require separate electric current feeders linking their cold masses to their cryostat vacuum vessels, thermo-electrically optimised and specifically designed to separately feed their quench protection, beam tuning and instrumentation systems with electric current.
The HL-LHC instrumentation feedthrough system is similar, though containing a larger cable inventory, to that mounted on existing cryo-magnets in the LHC accelerator whereas the quench protection and beam tuning systems, both present new requirements calling for a substantially different design approach.
The quench protection system requires a sinusoidal pulse at about 6Hz peaking at 3000 A and decaying exponentially to close to zero in about 2 seconds.
Beam tuning requires a 35A peak continuous sinusoidal input with a period varying between 60 and 30 s and must withstand occasional simultaneous single current pulses rising to 4000A and decaying to zero in about 0.5 seconds.
Installed in a highly activated zone of the LHC, all three systems, designed to be maintenance-free, consequently exploit only natural heat convection to prevent the formation of condensation at their warm ends.
This paper describes the functional design and thermo-electrical optimisation achieved for each of these current feeder systems.

Speaker: Mr Florian Pasdeloup (CERN)

2019-07-03-CEC-POSTER .pdf

2019-07-03-CEC-POSTER .pptx

9:00 AM C1Po1F-10 [43]: Thermal engineering of optical mirrors for use at cryogenic temperature inside a LHC cryostat

In the frame of the HL-LHC project, innovative technical solutions are sought to measure accurately the position of the magnet cold mass inside the cryostat. To this end, a system based on laser-interferometry is being designed to monitor the displacement of the cold mass through dedicated openings in the new HL-LHC cryostats.
In order to test such a system on a full-scale setup in representative operating conditions, a LHC dipole cryostat was modified to integrate the system optical lines of sight and the reflective mirrors were mounted onto the magnet helium vessel.
Upon the first cool down of the magnet helium vessel to 80K, severe ice-like condensation started forming on the reflective surface of the mirrors hence making the system unusable at cold. This was attributed to the condensation of the residual gas remaining in the cryostat insulation vacuum on the mirror surface. In this configuration the mirrors acted as local “cold spots” since they were purposefully sticking out of the multi-layer insulation (MLI) that is otherwise covering the magnet helium vessel.
In order to cope with this condensation issue, a dedicated study was carried out to design and manufacture a passive temperature regulation system based on a thermal insulating support and a thermal radiation intercept in order to keep the mirrors just above the expected freezing temperature in operational conditions.
This paper details the thermal engineering study leading to the design of the insulated mirrors and presents the technical solution retained as well as the latest test results.

Speaker: Florian Pasdeloup (CERN)

Poster_CEC_FMicolon_v1.pdf

Poster_CEC_FMicolon_v1.pptx

9:30 AM → 11:00 AM M1Or1A - Focus Series A: REBCO Coated Conductors I

Conveners: Markus Bauer (THEVA Dünnschichttechnik GmbH), Venkat Selvamanickam (University of Houston)

9:30 AM M1Or1A-01 [Invited]: Recent progress in SuNAM’s coated conductor development

SuNAM’s RCE-DR (Reactive Co-Evaporation by Deposition and Reaction) process has been proved to be a high-throughput, cost-effective production method for the deposition of superconducting layer for coated conductor(CC). We showed that higher than 1 kA/cm-width critical current tape can be produced routinely, though our standard product comes with 700~800 A/12 mm-width only because we care for overall process optimization.

We improved in-field critical current of our tapes by i)optimization of intrinsic pinning of RE2O3 by the control of starting composition and/or process temperature and gas pressure, ii) mixture of RE materials such as Gd, Y, Sm, etc. The results are very promising in mid-field of upto 10 T and our current effort is on extending to a higher field.

In addition to our catalog of high-field magnets of 26.4 T(highest field achieved with HTS at that time) and 18 T(the first commercial high-field HTS magnet to our knowledge), we succeeded in developing highly homogeneous 9.4-T mange for 400 MHz NMR.

SuNAM’s recent activities, in addition to the above mentioned ones, will be presented.

Speaker: Dr Seung-Hyun Moon (SuNAM Co., Ltd.)

10:00 AM M1Or1A-02 [Invited]: Development of BMO Doped REBCO Coated Conductors with Homogenous In-field Properties by Productive Hot-Wall PLD Process

In order to overcome the narrower deposition windows and less longitudinal homogeneity for high in-field performance BaMO₃ (M : Zr or Hf etc.) doped REBCO film, we applied hot-wall type pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD), which realized quite homogeneous crystalline growth conditions for REBCO by furnace-like substrate heating without spoiling productive throughput.
We studied growth condition dependence of BMO nano-rod structure, and J_c (B, theta, T) properties. Clear growth rate dependence were observed for c-axis correlated flux pinning properties and the shape and densities of nano-rod structure which should be affected by adatom migration durations. Though the minimum J_c (theta) of those samples were not so different at the temperature over ~30 K, the difference increased gradually at lower temperatures. The minimum J_c (theta) increased up to four times bigger for low growth rate samples of 5-7 nm/sec, as two-times for high-growth rate samples of 20-50 nm/sec, than non-doped REBCO films, at 4.2 K, 15 T.
The temperature and field dependent scaling properties were also studied for pinning force densities at the field configuration parallel to c-axis. The results indicated that strong c-axis correlated pinning could be only observed in low growth rate samples, where high-growth rate samples of >20 nm/sec had quite simple scaling properties similar to non-doped samples.
We finally optimized the deposition parameters so that they contribute to both good productivity with high growth rate of 20-50 nm/sec, and less angular dependent and large enough in-field Ic properties which agree to J_c-B scaling law in wide temperature and field range. Production samples of 300-600 m long were routinely fabricated and test samples of 1 km long class also produced with good I_c uniformity comparable to non-doped REBCO wires. I_c uniformity was examined by scanning Hall probe microscopy (RTR-SHPM), and also end-to-end transport measurement in magnetic fields, etc. A part of this work is based on results obtained from a project subsidized by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Speaker: Dr Yasuhiro Iijima (Fujikura Ltd.)

10:30 AM M1Or1A-03 [Invited]: Present Directions for 2G HTS Wire Development at SuperOx

Recently, in response to the growing demand on 2G HTS wire, both internal and external, the SuperOx group of companies has increased its production capacity, bringing it in 2018 to 120 km of 12 mm wide wire per year. Another incremental increase is planned in 2019.

As the fabrication technologies of 2G HTS wire have become more mature over the few last years, the key product development directions are focused now on better satisfying the demands of specific wire applications and addressing common issues, for instance, improving reproducibility and mechanical strength.

Key wire development directions at SuperOx are: (1) to increase the wire critical current at liquid nitrogen temperature in self-field for application in FCL and cables; the particular target is to go beyond the Ic of 800 A/12 mm at 77 K, and (2) to increase the engineering current density at low temperature in high magnetic field for application in magnets; the particular target is to go beyond the Je of 700 A/mm2 at 20 K, 20 T.

We adopt into production the approaches successfully demonstrated at lab-scale, such as: to increase the HTS layer thickness with minimum degradation of Jc, to modify the HTS layer composition for enhanced pinning, to use thinner substrate for higher Je, and to use laser slitting instead of mechanical slitting for better reproducibility and mechanical properties of narrow wire strips.

We will report the results of these activities and give examples of specific HTS device projects and associated wire requirements that drive the progress.

Acknowledgement: SuperOx acknowledges the support from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Grant 075-11-2018-176.

Speakers: Dr Alexander Molodyk (SuperOx), Dr Alexey Mankevich (SuperOx)

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM C1Or1A - Aerospace Cryocoolers I

Conveners: Franklin Miller (University of Wisconsin - Madison), Peter Shirron (NASA/GSFC)

11:00 AM C1Or1A-01: Performance Characteristics Comparison of Major Types of Mechanical Cryocoolers for Aerospace Applications

The three major types of mechanical cryocoolers in aerospace applications, namely reverse-Brayton cryocoolers, Stirling/pulse tube cryocoolers and Joule-Thomson cryocoolers, have significantly different performance characteristics. Some of these differences are due to the nature of their thermodynamic cycles; others come from their drastically differences in mean operating pressures and pressure ratios. This paper first discusses the key control parameters affecting the sizes and mass of the compressors and heat exchanges in each type of cryocoolers; then compares the performance characteristics of these three types of cryocoolers in several cooling temperature ranges and cooling capacities of interest to the aerospace community; and finally summarizes the performance benefits and associated main applications of each type of cryocoolers.

Speaker: Weibo Chen (Jet Propulsion Lab)

Chen_C1Or1A_Presentation.pdf

11:15 AM C1Or1A-02: Status of Lockheed Martin Microcryocooler Programs

There is an increasing need for compact, low-mass, long-life cryocoolers for Earth science, deep space, and astrophysics missions. Packaging a cryocooler within a CubeSat is challenging, and many deep space missions have extreme environmental conditions, such as exposure of “warm” hardware to cryogenic temperatures, and exposure to very high levels of radiation. Lockheed Martin’s microcryocooler has a mass of less than 500 grams and is currently the only long-life space cryocooler capable of being packaged within a 1U CubeSat.

This talk will describe the status of several microcryocooler programs at Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center in Palo Alto, California. LM integrated and tested a microcryocooler with a CubeSat instrument, which will be launched alongside the Orion spacecraft on the EM-1 launch vehicle, scheduled for launch in 2020. This CubeSat will take IR images of the moon during a flyby. LM is also building the cryocoolers for the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), an instrument being built by the Jet Propulsion laboratory for the Europa Clipper Mission, and the flight program for this work has begun. LM has recently completed engineering model cryocoolers for a Gamma Ray Spectrometer being built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for the Psyche asteroid mission, and the flight program is expected to begin prior to the 2019 CEC. LM successfully completed a Phase II SBIR with Iris Technology, building and delivering a microcryocooler capable of providing 0.3 W cooling at 35 K while rejecting heat at 150 K.

Speaker: Jeffrey Olson (Lockheed Martin Space)

11:30 AM C1Or1A-03: Characterization Testing of Lockheed Martin Micro1-2 Cryocoolers for the Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa

The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) instrument on the Europa Clipper mission will use a Lockheed Martin “high power” Micro1-2 pulse tube cryocooler with a heat rejection temperature below 250 K. This paper describes the performance testing and results of Lockheed Martin Micro1-2 coolers optimized for these conditions. The thermal performance of two microcoolers was measured in vacuum for heat reject temperatures between 220 and 260 K for different helium fill pressures. The coolers were driven with input powers ranging from 5 to 40 W and drive frequency between 125 and 150 Hz. The optimal drive frequency was dependent on both input power and heat reject temperature. For all conditions measured, the heat flow from the compressor was between 54% and 58% of the total heat and the compressor temperature was between 4 K and 6 K warmer than the expander temperature. In addition, another Micro1-2 cooler optimized for 300 K environment was subjected to a life-test at cold reject temperatures spanning three times the expected life on the Europa mission. The cooler performance and helium leak rate did not change over this duration. Moreover, a burst test was performed on a unit of this model of cooler that did not have the internal components. Finally, the conversion efficiency of Iris Technologies Low Cost Control Electronics (LCCE-2) was measured while operating a Micro1-2 cooler over input powers of 5 W to 50 W. The conversion efficiency was independent of drive frequency.

Speaker: Ian McKinley (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

11:45 AM C1Or1A-04: Northrop Grumman Next Generation MiniCooler Plus Performance

Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) has expanded its cryocooler product line with the introduction of the Mini Cooler Plus. The NGAS Mini Cooler Plus is a split cooler with a coaxial cold head connected through a transfer line to a vibrationally balanced back to back linear compressor. The mini compressor plus is designed for Space and non-Space applications. It is scaled from NGAS flight proven TRL9 family of compressors and contains non-wearing pistons suspended on flexure bearings. Designed for greater than 10 years of operation, the 2.6 Kg mini cooler plus can cool payloads at temperatures down to 45K while rejecting heat over a wide range of temperatures. This paper reports on the performance of NGAS mini cooler plus.

Speaker: Ladan Amouzegar Ashtiani

12:00 PM C1Or1A-05: Thermal and Exported Vibration Characterization of Ricor K508N Cryocooler

The Ricor K508N is an upgraded version of the K508 that has extensive flight heritage. This paper reports performance and exported force results for the COTS K508N as well as a K508N filled to a higher fill pressure with a high frequency motor. A comparison is made between the results of the K508N coolers and the K508 to determine their suitability for cooling on CubeSat missions. In addition, exported force results for various vibration damping techniques are discussed. The thermal performance of the coolers was measured in vacuum for -40°C, 20°C and 57°C heat reject temperatures. The coolers were operated in open-loop and in closed-loop mode during thermal performance testing. The exported vibration levels of the coolers were measured on a dynamometer with and without vibration isolators.

Speaker: Mr Mason Mok (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

12:15 PM C1Or1A-06: Micro-Sized Cryocooler Controllers for Space

The explosion in SmallSat and CubeSat deployments has led to a need for miniaturized cooling solutions for sensors that require cooling. Since there are limited opportunities for miniaturization in the thermal mechanical unit (TMU) portion of the cryocooling system, much of the pressure to reduce size falls on the cryocooler control electronics (CCE). In the world of digital electronics, continuous size reduction is the expected norm, however, in the world of power electronics this is not the case. The number of components and their variety is greatly limited when selecting space grade electronics, typically resulting in designs that make space grade electronic solutions much larger than an equivalent circuit made of commercial grade electronics.
One way to reduce the size of the power components is to switch at a higher speed. The current generation CCE devices built by Iris Technology utilize MOSFET power transistors to perform power conversion. The characteristics of the power MOSFETs limit the switch rate to something on the order of 100 kHz, thus driving the energy storage requirements of the capacitors and inductors. If we could switch faster we reduce the required energy storage and thus the size of the inductors and capacitors.
One solution to the switching frequency problem is the use of Gallium Nitride (GaN) FETs which can be switched on the order of 1 MHz. GaN FETs are inherently radiation tolerant, however recently GaN FETs have become available with space grade packaging. The space grade packaging is available with an integral radiation hardened high/low side driver. This integrated part provides further size reduction to the electronics design.
Recently, high performance space grade microcontrollers have become available. These parts offer another integration opportunity, as the FPGA and ADC functions can be combined into a single smaller chip. Space grade GaN FETs when combined with the space grade microcontrollers provide an opportunity for significant reduction in the volume required for the CCE portion of a cryocooler system.

Speaker: Kerry Frohling (Iris Technology)

CEC19 Iris Technology Presentation.pdf

11:00 AM → 12:15 PM C1Or1B - Large Scale Systems II

Conveners: Shrikant Pattalwar (STFC Daresbury Laboratory, UK), Michael White (Fermilab)

11:00 AM C1Or1B-01: The ESS Test and Instruments Cryoplant – First test results and operation experiences

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-scattering facility being built with extensive international collaboration in Lund, Sweden. The world’s most powerful linear proton accelerator shoots protons against a rotating tungsten target where neutrons are knocked off (“spallate”) and are guided to the neutron instrument suites. Three cryogenic plants and a vast cryogenic distribution system serve the cooling needs of the superconducting RF cavities in the accelerator, the cold hydrogen moderators in the target, a cryomodule test stand and the sample environments for neutron instruments. The project’s demand of schedule and economic feasibility requires a high degree of parallel work for installation and commissioning of the cryogenic and auxiliary systems.
The first of the three plants, the Test and Instrumentation Cryoplant (TICP) has been installed, commissioned and acceptance tested in 2018 by Air Liquide Advanced Technologies. The plant consist not only of a standard compressor system and coldbox but also of a process vacuum system for 2K operation, internal and external helium purifiers, liquid helium tank, filling and boil of station and a helium recovery system. It is heavily integrated in the overall cryogenic installations at ESS. The paper describes some project challenges, acceptance test results and first operation experience. The current status of the ESS cryogenic system and lessons learned are addressed as well.

Speaker: Mr Philipp Arnold (European Spallation Source ERIC)

11:15 AM C1Or1B-02: Cryogenic operational experience from the LHC physics run2 (2015-2018 inclusive)

With end of year 2018 the LHC has completed its second physics run and started its second two-years long shut down period dedicated to planned consolidation, maintenance and upgrade activities. The run2 – four-year physics operation period started in spring 2015 – was used mainly for luminosity production but also to allow the optimization and adaptability of the cryogenic system capacity to compensate the generated operational static and dynamic heat loads. Several tests and qualifications were studied and applied to the configuration of the available equipment in order to reach and deeply understand the real operation limits. Dedicated improvements were implemented in the control system, especially in regards of handling the beam induced dynamic heat load during transitory and operational states as well as to compensate dynamic heat load related to secondaries in the Inner Triplet magnets, close to the interaction points of the ATLAS and CMS detectors. This paper will give a general overview of the LHC cryogenics operation with specific information on encountered operational difficulties and applied solutions on the system. Helium inventory management, including process use and leaks, as well as the system overall availability indicators will be presented.

Speaker: Laurent Delprat (CERN)

C1Or1B-02_LHC_Cryo_Presentation_Final.pptx

11:30 AM C1Or1B-03: Cryogenic system design for the electron-ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Brookhaven National Laboratory operates the only functioning collider in the United States – the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a proposed large scale upgrade to the existing RHIC facility and is currently in its R&D phase. The new machine involves the use of superconducting technology for accelerating and steering beams of charged particles. This study focuses on the design of local cryogenic system that will supply cooling to these SRF cryomodules located at interaction point (IP) 10. Several system configuration options are given depending on the energy level at which the new collider operates, and hence the level of SRF cryogenic loads. In addition to this, the study also explores challenges in integrating all these brand-new subsystems to the existing RHIC cryogenic system.

Speaker: Dhananjay Ravikumar (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

C1Or1B-03.pdf

C1Or1B-03.pptx

11:45 AM C1Or1B-04: Application of Sub-cooled Superfluid Helium for Cavity Cooling at linac-based Free Electron Lasers, Energy Recovery and Proton Linacs

Compactness of linear accelerator is significant factor in achieving short construction times, low infrastructure and operation costs, and is considered as one of key parameters for the next accelerator generation. Operation of XFEL and other accelerators shows the possible limitations on present technologies related to the RF power operation inside the cryomodules. The next development steps could be either further increase of Q0 factor of the cavities or other cooling methods. In the present paper, modification of the superfluid helium bath cooling scheme is presented. This will allow increasing the RF power by factor two or more. Application of the sub-cooling scheme for SNS/ESS/CEBAF-types cryomodules is considered. In order to operate at higher RF power levels, improvements of cooling methods for a fundamental power coupler are also discussed.

Speaker: Dr Sergiy Putselyk (FHR)

12:00 PM C1Or1B-06: Cryogenic management of the LHC Run 2 dynamic heat loads

During the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Run 2 between 2015 and 2018 inclusive, significant dynamic heat loads have been generated and successfully managed by the LHC cryogenic system. These dynamic heat loads are generated by several physical phenomena occurring at two temperature levels and with different time constants. On the magnet cold-mass maintained at 1.9 K, dynamic heat loads are coming from eddy currents generated during the magnet transients, resistive heating in welds of superconducting electrical circuits, beam gas scattering, beam losses and secondary particles escaping from collisions (debris). On the beam screens, actively cooled between 4.6 K and 20 K, the circulating beams produce also dynamic heat loads due to synchrotron radiations, image current and photo-electron clouds. This paper presents the measurements inventory performed during the Run 2 to assess these dynamic heat loads as function of the different accelerator parameters (beam energy, beam intensity, injection scheme, etc.). Then, the related compensation measures and adapted cryogenic operation modes applied to manage the induced transients at the different time scales will be presented.

Speaker: Benjamin Bradu (CERN)

C1Or1B-05.pdf

C1Or1B-05.pptx

11:00 AM → 12:00 PM C1Or1C - Non-Aerospace Cryocooler Modelling and Studies

Conveners: Wei Dai (Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Ryan Taylor (Ball Aerospace and Technologies)

11:00 AM C1Or1C-01: CFD study of the 2D gas piston in pulse tube cryocoolers

There are three parts of the gas moving through the pulse tube of the pulse tube cryocooler, part I is the gas moving between the cold heat exchanger and the pulse tube, part II is the gas oscillating in the pulse tube all the time, part III is the gas moving between the pulse tube and the warm heat exchanger. The part of the gas that always moves in the pulse tube acts the same function of a solid piston, this part of the gas is called the gas piston. The shape and the position of the gas piston change with time and the operating conditions rather than remaining fixed. And the 1D model cannot reflect the change of the gas piston near the wall, but the 2D model can be realized. Also, the uniformity of the fluid flow field in the pulse tube can be demonstrated by the shape of the gas piston which can be simply envisioned as a 2D gas piston in the pulse tube. In this study a CFD method is used to obtain the details of the 2D gas piston. The velocity field in the pulse tube is obtained by the commercial code ANSYS Fluent, and a LaGrange particle tracing method is introduced to process the velocity data in order to obtain the boundary of the 2D gas piston. Additionally, this work investigates the influence of various parameters including pressure ratio, pulse tube aspect ratio and frequency on the shape of the gas piston. It reveals that larger pressure ratio, larger aspect ratio and lower frequency cause a larger deformation of the gas piston in one cycle. These effects are especially noticeable at the warm end of pulse tube, which displays a larger deformation than other positions in the pulse tube under the influence of changes in those parameters.
Keywords: Pulse tube cryocooler, CFD, 2D Gas piston

Speaker: Ms Zhimin Guo (School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University)

11:15 AM C1Or1C-02: Numerical Modeling and Loss Analysis of Pneumatically-Driven Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler

Pneumatically-driven displacer mechanisms are widely used in Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocoolers. Particularly for large size G-M cryocoolers, this type of drive is preferable compared to the scotch yoke type, as only a small motor is required for driving the rotary valve and, therefore, the entire cryocooler can be very compact. Though various numerical models of G-M cryocoolers have been presented in the past, modeling of the pneumatically-driven type has rarely been done in previous works. This work presents a one-dimensional numerical model of a pneumatically-driven single stage G-M cryocooler running at 80 K and related studies. The transient model is developed by solving mass, simplified momentum and energy equations numerically in both spatial and temporal domains. In addition, the model predicts the movement of the displacer simultaneously and uses it as an input to simulate the cryocooler performance. The impact of displacer movement on cycle performance is studied first. Then this model is further used to analyze and quantify various losses in the defined cryocooler.

Speaker: Dr Tian Lei (Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.)

11:30 AM C1Or1C-03: A Second Law Study of the Regenerators in Cryocoolers based on Pore-level Analysis of Entropy Generation

Regenerators are key components of pulse tube cryocoolers and losses in regenerators have a significant effect on the performance of cryocoolers. In previous studies, the efficiency of regenerators have been characterized mostly based on the first law of thermodynamics, and second-law analyses have been based on exergy considerations or irreversibility associated with macroscopic flow models. In this work, we investigate the entropy generation in regenerators based on detailed pore-level simulations. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to model two-dimensional regenerator geometries, and examine the microscopic flow and heat transfer phenomena that cause irreversibility. Important geometric and flow parameters, including porosity, pore size and pore geometry, are studied parametrically. The results indicated that geometric and flow parameters have a very significant effect on the relative scale of entropy generations due to viscous dissipation and temperature gradient. Some possible methods that may reduce entropy generation and improve the overall efficiency of regenerators are also suggested.

Speaker: Tao Fang (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Tao_EntropyGen_presentation_CEC2019_v2.pdf

11:45 AM C1Or1C-04: An experimental investigation on finned heat exchangers with cryogenic helium oscillating flow

The space-cycle averaged Nusselt number is used to characterize the heat transfer process of cold end heat exchanger in cryocoolers working with cryogenic helium oscillating flow. An experimental setup for cryogenic oscillating flow heat transfer measurement is designed and established to simulate actual operating conditions of cold-end heat exchanger of a regenerative refrigerator. The operating temperature range is set from 80 K to 20 K. The combination of liquid nitrogen pre-cooling and G-M refrigeration is introduced to meet the requirements of low temperature operation and accurate temperature control. Results show that the Nusselt number increases with the increase of maximum Reynolds number of the oscillating flow, which is consistent with situations at room temperature. The variation of Nusselt number with temperature is presented to have an intuitive perspective on the difference in heat transfer performance caused by dramatic change in thermophysical properties, which is induced by temperature drop. It is evident that lower temperature is significantly disadvantageous for heat transfer in oscillating flow field. In the future work, emphasis will be put on to introduce non-dimensional criterion as the key heat transfer indicator for design optimization of the cold-end heat exchangers for cryocoolers.

Speaker: Mr Jiale Huang (Zhejiang University)

11:00 AM → 12:15 PM M1Or2A - A15 Conductors

Conveners: Herman Ten Kate (CERN), David Larbalestier (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)

11:00 AM M1Or2A-01: Pinning force enhancement in Nb3Sn wires via nano-particles doping

Binary and ternary ZrO2-doped tube-type Nb3Sn wires were prepared by Hyper Tech Research Inc. for this study to investigate the effect of nanoparticle doping on the wire performance, with the aim of reaching the FCC 16T dipole-magnets requirements. The specimen, monofilamentary and multifilamentary wires, were characterized by magnetisation measurements in order to evaluate their critical temperature and critical current. For this purpose we used SQUID magnetometry, whereas the upper critical field was determined via resistivity measurements in a 17 T cryostat. We demonstrate an enhancement of the layer-Jc (at 12 T and 4,2 K) if compared with state-of-the-art binary and ternary wires (Ta or Ti-doped), which can be explained by the grain size refinement. By correlating these results with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) analysis it was possible to appreciate an average grain size of 63 nm (in the best sample), resulting in a high grain boundary density which increases the pinning force. In this sense, a pinning force scaling analysis was carried out, showing a shift of the peak position close to a reduced field of 0.3. Scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM) was used to perform scans of the remnant-field and Meissner state on the wires cross-section: from the latter it was possible to assess the effective A-15 superconducting cross-section of the sub-elements as well as the radial Sn concentration gradient (confirmed by EDX and SQUID-magnetometry data). Remnant-field scans were used for the evaluation of the currents from the field profiles at different temperatures. Monofilamentary wires were also subjected to a longitudinal inhomogeneity investigation: a 4mm sample was cut over its longitudinal axis and submitted to SHPM scans and SEM. The results show not negligible variations in the A-15 effective cross-section along the measured length, which explains the different magnetization data collected with SQUID-magnetometry.
Aknowledgments: This Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action (MSCA) Innovative Training Networks (ITN) receives funding from the European Union’s H2020 Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 764879.

Speaker: Mr Mattia Ortino (TU Wien)

11:15 AM M1Or2A-02: Flux pinning mechanism in Nb3Sn conductors with artificial pinning centers

Nb3Sn is a low-temperature superconductor that had been believed to have very limited room for further improvement. However, the development of Nb3Sn wires with artificial pinning centers (APC) in recent years shows that Nb3Sn conductors can still be significantly improved. The most recent APC wires, in which Nb-Zr is internally oxidized to form ZrO2 particles, have achieved non-Cu Jc values significantly above the two-decade-old record, especially at high fields (20-25 T). In this talk the properties of the APC Nb3Sn conductors are shown, and then the flux pinning mechanism for them is discussed. In contrast to conventional Nb3Sn conductors whose Fp-B curves peak at 0.2Bc2, those of the APC conductors shift towards 1/3Bc2. The improved pinning in the APC wires has long been believed to be caused by their refined Nb3Sn grain size because grain boundaries are the primary fluxon pinning centers for conventional Nb3Sn. Recent experimental studies, however, show that the ZrO2 particles, which serve as point pinning centers, may play a more important role than the refined grain size. The size and distribution of ZrO2 particles are studied with transmission electron microscope (TEM). These studies point to the direction for further improvement of Nb3Sn conductors.

Speaker: Xingchen Xu (Fermi National Accelerator Lab)

Mechanism of flux pinning for APC Nb3Sn.pdf

11:30 AM M1Or2A-03: Tube type strands with and without artificial pinning centers in Hyper Tech

Hyper Tech has developed the tube type strands with and without artificial pinning center (APC). For the regular tube type strands, our standard conductor with 217 filament arrays have been generated with 12 T non-Cu Jc values of about 2400-2500 A/mm2 with filament size of 35 micros at the 0.7 mm strand. We also made 547 filament conductors with 12 T non-Cu Jc values of about 2000-2200 A/mm2 with filament size of 25 micros at the 0.85 mm strand, which has very low AC losses. For the tube type strands with APC, our recent APC Nb3Sn wires with Ta and Zr doping demonstrated substantial grain refinement and significantly increased Jc,nonCu, while retaining the high Bc2 values of the best ternary Nb3Sn conductors. The non-Cu Jcs of these APC conductors has reached nearly 1500 A/mm2 at 16 T/4.2 K, which approaches the current CERN FCC spec. Their layer Jc reaches 4700 A/mm2 at 16 T/4.2 K - more than double the present best ternary Nb3Sn conductors. In this paper, we will report the progress on both wires and share the recent breakthroughs.

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, Grants No. DE-SC0017755 and DE-SC0013849; Office of Fusion Energy Science, Grant No. DE-SC0017754.

Speaker: Xuan Peng (Hyper Tech Research Inc.)

11:45 AM M1Or2A-04: Effect of Grain Size, Flux Pinning, and High Critical Field in Ternary APC Nb3Sn Wires

Nb₃Sn conductors have been made which incorporate ZrO₂ artificial pinning centers (APCs) that serve to refine the grain size of the superconducting material. Work on these wires has resulted in conductors which approach the FCC specification of J_c of 1500 A/mm² at 16 T and 4.2 K. Understanding the causes of high J_c at mid to high magnetic fields in these wires is crucial for developing an optimum conductor for next-generation particle accelerators. Reduced grain size has been demonstrated to increase J_c, due to the increased flux pinning at grain boundaries. In addition, ZrO₂ particles serve as point-like flux pinning centers, with a different behavior versus magnetic field. The relative contribution of these two factors on the J_c is evaluated. The effect of stoichiometry on the increased B_irr and B_c2 in ternary APC wires is also considered.

Speaker: Jacob Rochester (The Ohio State University)

ICMC2019_Rochester_APC_Presentation_vFinal.pdf

12:00 PM M1Or2A-05: Workability and recrystallization behavior of Nb-Ta, and Nb-Ta-Hf alloys

Recent advances in Nb3Sn to meet the very demanding FCC specification of Jc greater than 1500A/mm2 (4.2K, 16T) has led to the development of an Nb-Ta-Hf alloy, which has indicated high layer Jc’s of 3700A/mm2 are possible. This high Jc translates to a non-Cu Jc of 2200A/mm2 in an RRP® configuration. The reason for this high Jc (16T,4.2K) is because the irreversibility field of (Nb-Ta)3Sn is unaffected due to the additions of Hf to an Nb-Ta alloy and due to the formation of ultra-fine grain (UFG) Nb3Sn. The mechanism of formation of UFG Nb3Sn is intricately related to microstructure in the Nb-Ta-Hf alloy during the reaction heat treatment stages. To realize the promise of Hf additions, and make a magnet conductor workability of Nb-Ta-Hf up to large strains needs investigation. In this study we investigate the workability of Nb-Ta-Hf restack multi-filaments to true strains beyond 10, and compare them with the base Nb-Ta alloy. Given the relevance of the microstructure in the alloy rod during the Nb3Sn reaction we also compare the recrystallization behavior of the heavily drawn Nb-Ta, and Nb-Ta-Hf conductors. Results of multi-filament conductor drawing have been performed up to a strain of 7, and no intermediate breaks have been observed. Recrystallization behavior of Nb-Ta-Hf alloy at a strain of 7 indicates significant grain growth occurs only beyond 750°C, whereas grain growth is observed at 600°C in the corresponding Nb-Ta conductors.

Speaker: Benjamin Walker (Department of Mechanical Engineering)

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM M1Or2B - Focus Series A: REBCO Coated Conductors II

Conveners: Carlo Ferdeghini (CNR-SPIN), Vyacheslav Solovyov (Brookhaven Technology Group)

11:00 AM M1Or2B-01 [Invited]: Status of second-generation HTS wire production at THEVA

THEVA developed an all PVD approach for the production of GdBCO based high temperature superconducting wires for a variety of applications. Using our pilot production line in Germany, we can manufacture the wires in long lengths with a critical current of 500 A/cm (77 K, 0 T) and more.

In order to increase the current density for magnet applications, we recently developed a new type of HTS wires with a thinner substrate: 50 µm instead of 100 µm, which was used up to now. The performance on the thinner substrates is already very similar to the one on the 100 µm thick substrates. Additionally, a new PVD plating process was developed in order to apply a very uniform copper or also silver coating. With this very uniform layer, a very well-defined coil winding or stacking of the conductors with very little gaps between the adjacent tapes is possible leading to optimal filling factors. Additionally, PVD plating allows us to optimize the thickness of the coating on the HTS and on the substrate side independently according to customer needs. In order to further improve the wire for magnet applications, THEVA is now testing the applicability of artificial pinning to our technology. First results already show significant improvements in environments below 30 K and above 5 T.
We will give an overview on the wire properties and focus on the most recent results of our developments including a brief overview on projects we are working on at THEVA.

Speaker: Markus Bauer (THEVA Dünnschichttechnik GmbH)

11:30 AM M1Or2B-02 [Invited]: Present status of RE-123 superconducting wire development at Shanghai Superconductor Technology

I will introduce the activity of RE-123 Coated Conductor (CC) at Shanghai Superconductor Technology Co. Ltd (SSTC). Recently we have many HTS projects in China including accelerator, high-field magnet, electric power applications and so on. For these projects, we have been supplying a large amount of RE-123 CC stably. The CC fabrication process is PLD-IBAD method and the Ic (77K, 0T) is around 400 to 500A/cm. Each process is done at a high speed around 100 m/h. Now, we can supply a large amount more than 100km/year. Together with the Chinese HTS project, these R&D activities including Ic improvement at high filed and low temperature, mechanical property, junction and combined conductor will be presented.

Speaker: Prof. Yutaka Yamada (Shanghai Superconductor Technology Co. Ltd.,)

12:00 PM M1Or2B-03 [Invited]: Enhancement of Measurement Speed over 100 m/h in Reel-to-Reel Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy Using a Multi-Channel Array

In our previous study, we demonstrated that the reel-to-reel scanning Hall probe microscopy (RTR-SHPM) has a good advantage on the measurements of spatially resolved in-plane Jc distribution in a long length HTS tapes with a high spatial resolution along the tape width as well as the longitudinal direction. This is inevitable for a detection of localized defect in the tape, evaluation of an effective tape width, measurement of a very narrow tape and/or multi-filamentary tapes. However, one drawback of this method is its relatively low measurement speed around several tens meter per hour or less. In this study, we have succeeded in increasing the measurement speed significanlty by introducing a multi-channel Hall probe array. Namely, we can increase the measurement speed N times faster by using a N-channel sensor array without loosing the spatial resolution. We demonstrated a measurement speed of 108 m/h with a longitudinal spatial resolution of 1 mm by using a 3-channel Hall probe array. From the comparison beween the previous single channel measurement and the 3-channel measurement, we confirmed that the multi-channel measurement allows us to obtain the same quality Jc mapping with 3 times faster measurement speed. We can increase the measurement speed further just by increaing the numbers of the channels. Therfore, we believe that this method can be a practical diagnostics for a long length HTS tapes even in an industrial scale.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16H02334 and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Speaker: Takanobu Kiss (Kyushu University)

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM M1Or2C - Metals & Composites

Conveners: Dick Reed (Cryogenic Materials, Inc.), Robert Walsh (Florida State University)

11:00 AM M1Or2C-01: Impact of heat treatment on fracture behavior of additive manufactured 316L stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures

Additive manufacturing is recognized as a potential technology to design and create complex geometries as well as a fast track to build prototype components. Different materials are possible to use, depending on the specific requirements of an application. Superconducting applications like magnets or rotating machines are demanding for the structural components. Either high and/or cyclic mechanical loads can be one of the limiting factors in design. In the cryogenic temperature regime austenitic steels are used due to the mechanical performance and the machinability.
In this work 316L austenitic steel samples were produced using laser powder bed fusion, also known as Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Followed by different heat treatments to systematically influence to the microstructure evolution. Focus for characterization is the fracture behavior and the fatigue crack growth rate. Having the cryogenic application in mind the tests are conducted at room temperature, liquid Nitrogen and liquid Helium temperature. The results are compared to industrial cast austenitic steels to qualify the overall performance of the additive manufactured samples.

Speaker: Dr Klaus-Peter Weiss (KIT, Institute for Technical Physics)

11:15 AM M1Or2C-02: The Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Nitronic 40 Forging

Nitronic 40 forged tubes are typically used for structural reinforcement in high field pulse magnet design and applications. To better understand the mechanical performance of this versatile high strength austenitic steel a series of mechanical tests were conducted. Tensile were performed at 295 K, 77 K and 4 K, and cryogenic fracture mechanics tests were performed at 77 K and 4 K. The effect of temperature on strength, ductility, toughness and fatigue crack growth rate are evaluated. Microstructure and composition effects are also presented and discussed.

Speaker: Robert Walsh (Florida State University)

11:30 AM M1Or2C-03: Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of New Stainless-Steel Plate at Cryogenic Temperatures

The Joint Special Design Team for a fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO) was organized in 2015 to enhance Japan’ s DEMO design activity and coordinate relevant research and development (R&D) toward DEMO. The fundamental concept of DEMO and its key components were already reported with main arguments on the design strategy [1]. Development of cryogenic materials with higher strength for toroidal field coils is one of major challenges on the magnet in this activity. The requirement to 0.2% proof stress of the material is over 1200 MPa at 4.2 K. HRX19TM comprises of its own unique materials with the optimized chemical composition and production process to further increase strength and improve hydrogen embrittlement resistance in a component range of ASME standard XM-19 (22%Cr-13%Ni-5%Mn-2%Mo-Nb, V) [2]. In the previous work, cryogenic mechanical properties of XM-19 were investigated and the 0.2% proof stress of this steel exceeded 1200 MPa at 4.2 K in several conditions [3]. Therefore, HRX19TM could also be a candidate material to achieve higher yield strength at cryogenic temperatures.
In this research, tensile properties and fracture toughness of a 30 mm-thickness plate of HRX19TM were investigated at 4.2 K. The results will be presented with microstructural and fractographical information and compared with the data of the steels reported in the literature.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Nippon Steel for providing the valuable material. This work was supported by the framework of the Joint Special Design Team for Fusion DEMO contract research program of National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Japan in the 2017 and 2018 fiscal years.

[1] Tobita K, et al., Design strategy and recent design activity on Japan’s DEMO, Fusion Sci. Technol. 72 (2017) 537–545.
[2] http://www.nssmc.com/product/catalog_download/pdf/P106en.pdf
[3] McRae DM, et al., Fatigue and fracture of three austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 279 (2017) 012001 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/279/1/012001

Speaker: Arata Nishimura (National Institute for Fusion Science)

11:45 AM M1Or2C-05: Mechanical Properties of AA2219-T62 Friction Stir Welding Joints at Cryogenic Temperature

A friction stir welding takes advantage of elimination of solidification cracking, liquation cracking and porosity associated with fusion-based welding techniques. In the present work, aluminium alloy 2219 in temper T62 (solution treatment and artificially aged), which finds many cryogenic applications, was jointed with friction stir welding techniques. The mechanical properties in terms of tension, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth, of the AA2219-T62 friction stir welding joints and base material, were studied at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature (20 K). Moreover, the microstructure of the welding joints was investigated by fractographic analysis, and the correlation between the microstructure and the mechanical properties was discussed.

Speaker: Dr Huang Chuanjun (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

12:00 PM M1Or2C-06: Mechanical tensile testing of Hiperco 50A at cryogenic temperature

Abstract
Hiperco 50A is a highly desired material for use in cryogenic applications, specifically for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADRs) due to its magnetic field shielding capabilities. Although the alloy has good strength, there is a concern with the material’s brittle behavior which is believed to worsen at low temperature based on previous tests. The testing described here investigates the mechanical properties of Hiperco 50A at cryogenic temperature through mechanical tensile testing to failure and evaluation of the failed coupons. The methods and techniques used to determine the elongation, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and break strength of the material as well as the results will be presented here.

Speaker: Mr Bryan James (NASA/GSFC)

12:15 PM M1Or2C-07: Tensile properties of the HEA CoCrFeMnNi at 4 Kelvin

The High-Entropy Alloy (HEA) CoCrFeMnNi, an fcc alloy has been shown to exhibit remarkable properties at cryogenic temperatures, including high toughness as well as an increase in both yield strength and ductility as temperature is decreased to 77 Kelvin. A considerable number of applications require materials with such properties down to 4 Kelvin. For example, liquid hydrogen storage tanks used in aerospace applications require materials which retain their high strength and ductility. Here we present measurements of the yield strength and elongation to failure of CoCrFeMnNi at room temperature, 77 Kelvin, and 4 Kelvin, which show that CoCrFeMnNi retains its high strength and ductility at 4 Kelvin. Despite similar yield strength and elongation to failure at 77 Kelvin and 4 Kelvin, SEM and EBSD measurements show differences in deformation mechanisms that are discussed.

Speaker: Mr Peter E. Bradley (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory)

12:30 PM → 2:00 PM Lunch (on your own)

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM C1Po2A - Structures and Contaminants

Conveners: Mr Dan Hauser (NASA-Glenn Research Center), Kjell Westra (Washington State University)

2:00 PM C1Po2A-01 [24]: Electrical Tree Aging of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites at Cryogenic Temperature

Epoxy resin plays an important role in the layer insulation of superconducting magnets. The quench phenomenon associated with superconducting magnets often leads to excessive interlayer voltages, which can cause electrical aging of insulating materials. In this paper, tests were conducted to study the tree aging in epoxy resin/BN nanocomposites at 77 K under AC voltages. An experimental cryostat for partial discharge (PD) with optical observation windows was set up. The test samples were prepared with three levels of nanofiller content: 0 wt %, 1 wt %, and 3 wt %. Each group of samples was tested at a range of AC voltages from 8 kV rms (root mean square) to 32 kV rms and the PD experiments were carried out at 298 K and 77 K.

Speaker: Chuanjun Huang (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Presentation-Electrical Tree Aging of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites at Cryogenic Temperature.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2A-02 [23]: Current status of a cryostat for the provision of hydrogen with adjustable ortho-para-ratios for neutron moderation

Compact Accelerator-driven Neutron Sources (CANS), such as the future High Brilliance Neutron Source (HBS), represent an efficient and cost-effective means to provide neutrons for scattering experiments. CANS have a lower neutron production compared to current reactor- or spallation-based neutron sources. However, CANS enable a holistic optimization of the neutron production chain and thus can be competitive in terms of the relevant usable neutron flux at the sample position. A main subject of such optimization are the cold moderators. When using liquid para-H2 as cold neutron moderating medium, so-called low-dimensional moderators can be implemented (as foreseen at European Spallation Source ESS), leading to a significantly increased neutron brightness. In the context of the HBS project, there are endeavors to further optimize such low-dimensional LH2 moderators by „poisoning“ para-H2 by admixing well-defined amounts ortho-H2, resulting in an increased neutron scattering cross section. This enables the user to tailor the neutron spectrum provided by the cold moderator towards the needs of the used instrument. At TU Dresden and Forschungszentrum Jülich, an experiment has been set up to prove the feasibility of this concept. Its core component is a LHe-cooled flow cryostat that mixes a normal-H2 and a para-H2 flow to obtain the desired para-H2 concentration. The resulting LH2 mixture at 17 - 20 K is fed into a small cold moderator vessel (approx. 200 ml). In this work, the current status of the experimental setup is presented. The construction of the cryostat and its periphery and the commissioning of the entire setup (cold leak tests, production of several different ortho-para-H2 mixtures and its metrological monitoring) have been completed. It is shown that the concept of the mixing cryostat works as intended and the setup is ready for measurements at neutron sources.

Speaker: Sebastian Eisenhut (TU Dresden)

190711_Ei_Poster_CEC2019_v2.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2A-03 [22]: Hydrogen contaminations in liquid helium

For some years now, massive problems are often occurring when operating standard flow cryostats with pumped liquid helium. There are a large number of reports from various parts of the world, describing blockage problems arising typically within a few hours. Standard equipment for measuring the physical properties at temperatures below 4K is massively affected.

Hydrogen contaminations within the used liquid helium could be identified as direct cause. With helium evaporating in the narrow throttling passages, hydrogen in solid state accumulates and is forming blockages. Usually internal capillaries or inlet valves are concerned. In consequence, the helium flow is reduced or ceasing completely, the operating temperature of the cryostat can’t be uphold, and the measurement run must be interrupted. Extremely low concentrations, e.g. in the ppm or sub-ppm range, are sufficient to block the helium flow within a few hours of operation.

This contribution contains first quantifications regarding these contaminations. Both, a semi-quantitative analysis method using a narrow flow resistance, as well as gas chromatographic investigations led to new findings. Effects within the liquid helium supply that give rise to the problem were scrutinized. Possible remedies are discussed. The collected results should lead to an understanding and to feasible solutions of the problem.

Keywords:

Liquid helium, Hydrogen contamination, Flow cryostat, Blockade of capillaries, Blockage of valves

Speaker: Mr Julian Will (Technische Universität Dresden)

Poster CEC 2019_Hydrogen contamination in liquid helium_Julian Will.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2A-04 [21]: Ultimate Tensile Strengths of 3D Printed Carbon-fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics in Liquid Nitrogen

3D printed composites have excellent potential to satisfy needs for lighter and more complex cryogenic materials for aerospace, medical, and other sectors. However, few material property measurements are available. To address this need, this work performs ultimate tensile strength testing of 3D printed thermoplastics immersed in liquid nitrogen at approximately 77 K. Materials tested include carbon-fiber reinforced PETG and carbon-fiber reinforced Amphora AM1800 filament. The carbon-fiber reinforced PETG increased in ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity by 49% and 43.2% from room temperature tests, respectively. The carbon-fiber reinforced Amphora AM1800 filament decreased in ultimate tensile strength by 29.9% from room-temperature.

Speaker: Mathew Hunt (Washington State University)

CEC2019_Ultimate Tensile Strengths of 3D printed thermoplastics in liquid nitrogen_Mathew Hunt.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2A-05 [20]: Design of a Cryogenic-compressed Hydrogen Storage and Supply System for Fuel Cell Stacks of Heavy Trucks

The work presents the design and validation of a novel cryogenic-compressed hydrogen (CCH2) storage and supply system. This CCH2 system is designed to operate at the pressure up to 20MPa and temperature down to 20K. It is developed to provide an efficient and stable approach to storage and supply hydrogen for heavy trucks, powered by fuel cell stacks. The core strategy of process design and pipeline arrangement is the calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium. In general, thermal energy occupies nearly half of fuel cell’s outcome, which cannot be converted into truck’s dynamic system. But in a CCH2 system, this energy can be used to heat cool hydrogen and reduce the cooling power by air heater. Then the entire efficiency can be increased. This process is carefully designed and demonstrated for a 25 tons truck. Massflow rate and pipe diameters in the CCH2 system are verified by theoretical calculating and simulating, based on thermodynamic principles. Also, Self-pressurization technology has been applied in this system to compensate for the pressure loss due to hydrogen outflow. At last, the selection of cryogenic valves, stainless steel pipes is strictly carried out. This paper explains operating mechanism and design consideration of the CCH2 system, introduces its selection of relevant equipment and presents the preliminary test results.

Speaker: Mr Zhan Xu (School of Mechanical and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 21000, China)

Poster-Design of a Cryogenic-compressed Hydrogen Storage and Supply System for Fuel Cell Stacks of Heavy Trucks.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2A-06 [19]: Direct measurement of residual strains in epoxy resin using embedded strain gauges

In this work, the implementation of residual strains in epoxy resin during its curing process with an operational range of 300 K-400 K and cooling process with an operational range of 15 K-300 K was studied using embedded strain gauges. This represents a significant reduction in the lowest usable temperature of epoxy resin as well as a significant increase in sensitivity of residual strains in curing epoxy resin compared with previously reported solutions. This was accomplished by embedding strain gauges in the epoxy resin before it cured. The measurement of residual strains in epoxy resin gives us a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of epoxy resin so that we can make a full prevention of warping, loss of mechanical properties caused by residual stresses.

Speaker: Mr Huang Chuanjun

2:00 PM C1Po2A-07 [18]: Use of Galinstan as a Contact Agent for Additively Manufactured Components in Cryogenic Engineering

A heat switch originally developed by ESA/Twente has been modified for use with superfluid helium in the 1 K temperature range as part of a variable temperature insert in an NMR type magnet system. The key challenge was to develop a process that allows to removably contact the additively manufactured switch to a copper surface with nearly no temperature gradient build up. The experiments at GE GRC were conducted over a period of several months and satisfied the design constraints. Galinstan was the choice for this application. The use of Galinstan as an industrial material for use in cryogenic applications and in particular for additively manufacture components is reviewed and explained. Thermal contact conductance values are presented for dissimilar materials, this study has not been investigated before.

Speaker: Wolfgang Stautner (GE Global Research)

C1Po2A-D7 CEC-ICMC 2019 Poster V4 vertical Page 1.pdf

C1Po2A-D7 CEC-ICMC 2019 Poster V4 vertical Page 2.pdf

Demountable thermal interface material for cryogenic applications V4.pdf

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM C1Po2B - Helium Purification

Conveners: Steffen Kloeppel (TU Dresden), Steven Van Sciver (Florida State University)

2:00 PM C1Po2B-01 [17]: Numerical study of the effect of the helium-based multi-component gas mixture on the internal purifier

The performance of the internal purifier has a direct impact on the liquefaction capacity of the helium liquefier. With increasing impurity level in helium, liquefaction capacity of the helium liquefier reduced significantly. In order to ensure the helium liquefier operates safely and stable, remove the impurities from the helium in the helium liquefier and improve the utilization of the helium, it is necessary for us to develop the technology of purification. In this paper, the impact of changes of multi-component helium mixture on the performance of the internal helium has been developed numerically. The final results show that as the impurities in the helium mixture increases, the performance of the internal purifier decreases first and then increases. It can help us design more efficient and compact internal purifier.

Speakers: Mr Guochao Feng (Anyang Institute of Technology), Weiping Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science )), Mr Peng Xu (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science), Qiming Jia (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science ))

fengguochao-C1Po2B-01.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2B-02 [16]: Freeze-Out Purifier for Helium Refrigeration System Applications

Purification systems are necessary to support commissioning and operation of helium refrigeration and associated experimental systems. These systems are typically designed for a low level of impurity (i.e., in parts per million), since a 4.5 K or 2 K helium system will freeze out every other substance. The trace impurities can block and/or change flow distribution in heat exchangers and potentially damage turbines or cryogenic compressors operating at high speed. Experimental systems, such as magnets, require such purification due to inherent characteristics in their construction. These are also used for the commissioning of sub-systems, like the compressors, or cold boxes. From experience, molecular sieve does not remove low-level moisture impurity sufficiently, and typical commercial freeze-out purifiers have very short times between regeneration, as compared to their design specifications. Based upon proven experience from a freeze-out purifier done for Brookhaven National Lab in 1980’s, a freeze-out purifier with heat exchangers, liquid nitrogen cooler activated carbon bed has been designed. This design is expected to minimize the utilities and extend the capacity and the operating pressure range, thereby the time interval between regeneration. The goal of the design is to provide a simple to operate and efficient purifier system.

Speaker: Mr Duncan Kroll (Michigan State University)

C1Po2B-02 - Freeze-Out Purifier for Helium Refrigeration System Applications-Poster_submit.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2B-04 [15]: Design and theoretical analysis of Helium Purification System Components for NSRRC Cryogenic System

Helium is an expensive consumable in cryogenic facilities and is used widely in space, medical and energy research. In NSRRC, liquid helium is used as a coolant for cooling superconducting magnets and SRF cavities. Minor contaminants such as nitrogen, oxygen, moisture and oil will be picked up when liquid helium circulates in the large scale cryogenic systems, these contaminants will crystalize and might cause some damage in the cold box turbo expanders resulting in efficiency decay. Therefore, a helium purification system is designed as an integral part of the cryogenic system to conserve helium gas by providing 99.9995% pure helium to liquefier after separating contaminants from impure helium. The NSRRC helium purification process is based on two principles, the first one is cryosorption using activated charcoal and molecular sieve and the other is cryocondensation using tubular heat exchangers. The purifier has been designed for purifying impure helium with contaminants of 2.5% nitrogen and 2.5% of oxygen with mass flow rate of 475 nm3/hr and delivering pressure of 17 bar(a) of impure helium to purifier. In this paper, calculation and design of the helium purification system and components composed of one tube in tube heat exchanger, one vessel and tube heat exchanger, one pre-cooler, one charcoal vessel, mass requirement calculation of charcoal and design of other components will be discussed.

Speaker: Mr Ping-Shun Chuang (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center)

purifier CEC_C1Po2B-04.pdf

purifier CEC_C1Po2B-04.pptx

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM C1Po2C - Argon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Systems

Conveners: Xilong Wang (European Spallation Source ERIC ), John Weisend (European Spallation Source ESS AB)

2:00 PM C1Po2C-01 [14]: Recovery of Ultra-High Purity Liquid Argon Systems after Disruption of Filtration

The principal design requirement of cryogenic systems used for liquid argon neutrino detectors is ultra-high purity. The primary impurities that affect operation of the detector are electronegative types such as oxygen and water, or light quenching varieties such as nitrogen. It is the electronegative property of oxygen and water that causes reduced rates in the detection of neutrino interactions with the argon atoms. Fermilab designs and installs systems that include filtration equipment that facilitates passive removal of both oxygen and water. Nitrogen reduces the efficiency of the light collection system; however, no method for removing nitrogen is being utilized currently. Instead, it is expected that the argon from the supplier is below the purity threshold set by the detector operational requirements.

The longest-running liquid argon detector experiment at Fermilab, MicroBooNE, has been in operation since mid-2015. There is substantial interest in monitoring the rate at which the purity decreases during a disruption in the operation of the filtration equipment relative to the rate at which purity is recovered. It has been observed that in the event of a disruption, purity will rapidly reach a level below that which is needed for detector operation but will subsequently require a longer period to recover. This system behavior is significant due to the loss of neutrino interactions while the liquid argon is purified to the level required for the detector. Therefore, this analysis seeks to develop an improved understanding of this behavior to lend insight into future designs and operation of these cryogenic systems.

Speakers: Mike Zuckerbrot (FNAL), Schwartz Fritz (FNAL)

2:00 PM C1Po2C-03 [13]: Return to Service of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Sphere

One, of two, 850,000 gallon liquid hydrogen storage spheres, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, was decommissioned in 2010. This tank had an abnormally high heat leak that was investigated and determined to be the result of a large void in the perlite insulation. The insulation void was subsequently filled, and the tank was refurbished for its planned use in the Space Launch System (SLS) program. Return to service of this tank began in December of 2017 with a partial liquid hydrogen fill. Since that time, routine measurement of the liquid level have been recorded in order to determine a new boiloff rate and associated heat leak. This data shows the perlite top off activities resulted in a much reduced, and within design specification, heat leak.

Speaker: Angela Krenn (NASA)

2:00 PM C1Po2C-05 [12]: Design of The Dune Apatf Cryogenic System

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) is developing the international Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to advance neutrino science. The flagship of the DUNE project consists of a large particle detector constructed one-mile (1.6 km) beneath the surface at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD. The SURF detector is the largest of its type ever built and is comprised of four cryostats totaling 70,000 tons of liquid argon (LAr) to record neutrino interactions with unprecedented precision. Each cryostat houses a detector, the first includes 150 Anode Panel Assemblies (APA) submersed within 17,500 tons of LAr. Before installing 150 APA within the SURF detector they will be cryogenically cooled to nominally 90 K at the APA Test Facility (APATF) utilizing nitrogen flows. The APATF cryogenic system is entirely located one-mile underground at the SURF facility and includes nominally 13 kW of refrigeration at 80 K, cryogenic transfer lines, APA test cryostats, a cryogenic control system, and various control and pressure safety elements to ensure performance and safety requirements are achieved. The APATF preliminary design is in progress and major considerations include an efficient, cost-effective mechanism to deliver the required refrigeration to the APATF underground, support of rigid testing intervals to support the DUNE operating schedule, temperature stability of the APA and electronics within cryostats, efficient cryogenic system operation to minimize heat leak and/or liquid nitrogen consumption, thermo-mechanical stability and flexibility of components, and pressure safety of the APATF cryogenic system. Installation and integration of the APATF cryogenic system within the footprint and to adjacent sub-systems is also discussed.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.

Speaker: Andrew Dalesandro (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)

DUNE APATF CEC poster.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2C-06 [11]: Progress towards operation of a deuterium cold neutron source at the NCNR

The NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) operates a 20 MW research reactor that produces neutrons for a suite of 30 neutron scattering instruments. 70% of these instruments use cold neutrons (E < 5 meV), which are moderated by two separate cold neutron sources. The cold moderator for both sources is liquid hydrogen (LH2), which is in turn cooled by a recently commissioned 7 kW, 14K helium refrigerator. NCNR plans to replace the larger cold source with a new one operating with liquid deuterium (LD2). This report focuses on progress towards the upgrade to liquid deuterium, and options to address the particular challenges of designing and operating a cooling system that will simultaneously support operation with both LH2 and LD2 sources.

Speaker: John Jurns (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

C1Po2C-06 poster.pdf

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM C1Po2D - Heat Exchangers

Conveners: Bertrand Baudouy (CEA Saclay), John Weisend (European Spallation Source ESS AB)

2:00 PM C1Po2D-01 [10]: Experimental and numerical investigation of 2 K heat exchanger for superfluid cryogenics system at KEK

Superfluid cryogenics systems at KEK are constructed for research and development of cryomodules of the compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) and International Linear Collider (ILC). The niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities in the cERL and ILC, operate at temperatures of 2.0 K or below. The SRF cavities are cooled with saturated superfluid helium, which is another phase of liquid helium (LHe) when it is cooled below 2.17 K, under saturation condition. To produce superfluid helium continuously, a Joule-Thomson (JT) valve is employed in the cryogenic system. Also, a 2 K heat exchanger (2K HX) is introduced in series with the JT valve, to recover the coldness from 2.0 K gaseous helium (GHe) evaporating from the helium tanks of the SRF cavities. This increases the production rate of superfluid helium, by reducing the incoming LHe temperature from 4.4 K to 2.2 K or above, before the JT valve. At KEK, we have a 2K HX consisting of a helical coil and laminated fins for thermal loads up to 100 W. Its performance needs to be determined and is characterized by a factor known as effectiveness, which is the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer between the fluids. The performance of the 2K HX has been determined experimentally using the heat exchanger test stand and numerically by computational fluid dynamics (ANSYS CFX®), respectively. In the heat exchanger test stand, the mass flow rate of incoming LHe is kept identical to outgoing GHe through the 2K HX, using the level and pressure control of superfluid helium. A heater is immersed in the superfluid helium to vary the mass flow rate of evaporating superfluid helium. In the future, the results will be further analyzed to optimize the design of the 2K HX to improve its performance.

Speaker: Mr Ashish Kumar (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI))

CEC2019 Poster (C1Po2D-01)_Ashish Kumar.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2D-03 [09]: Numerical Study on Non-equal Section Regenerator Performance for Pulse Tube Cryocooler

It has always been a research hotspot to improve the overall efficiency of pulse tube cryocooler and the regenerator as the core component of the pulse tube cryocooler directly determines the performance of the overall machine. Therefore, an approach of improving the efficiency of the whole machine has been provided as improving the performance of the regenerator. This paper is based on a 5W@80K pulse tube cryocooler model and the reasons for the influence of the three regenerator structures on the overall efficiency are analyzed and discussed by Sage software. The simulation results show that the optimal overall efficiency of pulse tube cryocooler under three different structural regenerators varies with the compressor electric power input. Simultaneously, the overall efficiency of the non-equal section structure and the conical section structure regenerators are respectively increased by 14.16% and 17.78% compared with the equal section structure.

Speaker: Prof. Houlei Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

2:00 PM C1Po2D-04 [08]: Asymmetric Research on Multi-bypass for Pulse Tube Cryocooler

The multi-bypass is one of the effective ways to reduce the lowest no-load temperature of pulse tube cryocooler. The common structure of multi-bypass is to use a thin tube to connect the middle of the pulse tube to the middle of the regenerator which can reduce the mass flow through the regenerator and adjust the phase angle of the cold end for the refrigerator, which effectively reducing the lowest no-load temperature of the cryocooler. Actually, the multi- bypass is as asymmetric as double-inlet structure. In this paper, a new type of asymmetric multi-bypass structure has been proposed, which makes the working gas has different resistance when entering and leaving the regenerator. The multi-bypass structure is simulated by Sage software, based on a 0.5W@20K pulse tube cryocooler model. The influence of different structures on the lowest no-load temperature of the pulse tube cryocooler have been discussed and some rules have been summarized simultaneously.

Speaker: Prof. Houlei Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

2:00 PM C1Po2D-05 [07]: Comparative study on performance of regenerator under different fillers

Abstract:The regenerator is the core heat exchange component of the Stirling engine, and the structural form and physical properties of the filling material are the vital important factor determining its performance. In this paper, a three-dimensional model of the regenerator is established using Ansys' fluent module to simulate the regenerative flow in the alternating flow. The property of four kinds of common fillers, namely stainless steel wire mesh, foam metal, powder sintered material and random fiber felt, are mainly explored. Through the numerical simulation of the fillers with different porosity, the heat transfer and resistance characteristics and pressure drop loss of the filler were calculated by the local non-thermal equilibrium model. Finally, the parameter Nu/Cf^(1/3) is used as an indicator to measure the performance of the filler. Comparing the comprehensive performance of these fillers yields optimal results that will guide the use of future regenerator fillers.
Key words: regenerator; Fluent; filler; numerical simulation; comprehensive performance

Speaker: Ms Chi Chunyun (1.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

CEC poster.pdf

2:00 PM C1Po2D-06 [06]: Optimum Design of Cryogenic Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers Based on Volume Minimization

To reduce the volume of hydrogen or helium cryogenic refrigerator and
liquefaction, we need the minimum volume to achieve the efficiency and the
pressure loss of the plate-fin heat exchangers given by the process. For
this purpose, this paper presented a new comprehensive performance factor
S = J^3As^2/(fV^2), which means ε/(∆p·V_{eff}) or ε/(w_{pump}*V_{eff}). Based on the performance factor, a new optimization method for cryogenic heat exchanger, optimization design method for cryogenic plate fin heat exchanger based on volume minimization, was proposed in this paper. Using this method,
the authors of this paper optimized the heat exchangers in the L40 helium
liquefaction developed by the technical institute of physics and chemistry of
the Chinese academy of sciences and design a 250W@4.5K refrigerator. In
the case of meeting the requirements of the process, the volume of the heat
exchangers in the L40 helium was reduced by half. Under the condition of
almost the same volume of cold box and heat exchangers, the liquefaction
rate of 250W@4.5K is almost 50% higher than that of L40. This method
has a certain theoretical guiding significance for the development of a large
cryogenic system.

Speaker: Dr Weiping Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants(Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences),)

2:00 PM C1Po2D-07 [05]: Entropy generation in the woven mesh regenerator filler of cryocoolers

The regenerator is a key component of a pulse tube cryocooler, and is also a major contributor to irreversibility and losses in the cryocooler. In this study a method for the assessment of losses in cryocooler regenerators based on entropy generation is proposed. Pore-level CFD simulations are performed for woven mesh regenerator filler by defining periodically repeating unit cells. Simulations are performed for steady-state (uni-directional) as well as periodic flows. It is shown that entropy generation in periodic flow is significantly higher than in steady flow, and is sensitive to operating parameters as well as small geometric irregularities. It is proposed that by optimization of the microstructure of generator fillers the entropy generation and losses can be minimized.

Speaker: Ali Ghavami (Georgia Tech)

Poster_AliGhavami_Entropy generation in the woven mesh regenerator filler of cryocoolers.pdf

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM M1Po2A - Bulk Superconductors

Conveners: John Durrell (University of Cambridge), Tatiana Prikhna (Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)

2:00 PM M1Po2A-01 [25]: Synthetic Route to Eliminate Oxide Byproducts and Its Effects on Intergrain Connectivity in K-doped BaFe2As2 Polycrystalline Bulks

Practical applications of high temperature superconductors (HTS) usually demand long length wires in which the materials are inevitably polycrystalline. The critical temperature at 38 K and the high upper critical field around 90 T make K-doped BaFe2Fe2 (Ba122) attractive as a high field conductor. The last key aspect which needs to be demonstrated is high Jc in polycrystalline forms such as a bulk, wire or tape. Improving the connectivity between grains is the key fundamental to make the Jc of this material competitive as a practical HTS. Indeed the grain connectivity can be easily degraded by local or global impurity concentration and cracks at the grain boundaries (GBs). Such an unpredictable GB connectivity often causes the poor reproducibility of intergrain Jc. Our extensive analytical microscopy studies revealed that barium and potassium can segregate at the GBs along with the oxide byproducts in the final bulks. Since then, we started to evaluate the synthesis environment, especially the oxygen and moisture level inside the glovebox, tracking back the possible oxygen sources while preparing samples as well as the purity of starting materials. Utilizing high purity starting materials and very low oxygen and moisture levels inside glovebox (0.005 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively) suggested that the reproducibility of the intergrain connectivity largely depends on the K purity. Our recent compositional studies also indicated that the local K composition at the GBs must not be excessive. Our understanding and efforts on eliminating the source of byproducts will lead to the more sophisticated synthesis route for high Jc polycrystalline bulks towards the wires. More details will be discussed in the presentation.

Speaker: Chongin Pak (Applied Superconductivity Center, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)

ICMC2019_Final.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2A-02 [26]: The Effect of Pressure and Doping on the Critical Current Density in Nickel doped BaFe2As2

Single crystals of Ba(Fe1-xNix)2As2 have been produced for systematic magnetic measurements of the critical current density (Jc) over a range of dopings from
x=0.025 to 0.066 and a range of temperatures from 2 K. Analysis of the field dependent critical current density, Jc, shows strong evidence pointing to a flux pinning mechanism dominated by local variation in the mean free path for all dopings. The values of Jc measured indicate a peak at approximately x=0.049 on the pseudo phase diagram, close to a proposed quantum critical point at x=0.05. Pressure dependent measurements of this sample show anomalous behaviour including a negative pressure relationship and a peak in Jc around 0.65 GPa.

Speaker: T. J. Bullard (UES Inc. Dayton, OH)

2:00 PM M1Po2A-03 [27]: The Role of Cold High Pressure Densification (CHPD) on Enhancing Critical Current Density and Connectivity of in-situ MgB2 Strand.

Cold high pressure densification (CHPD) at pressure up to 1.5 GPa was used to enhance the critical current density (Jc) and connectivity of the in situ powder-in-tube (PIT) and hybrid MgB2 strand. First, the improvement of longitudinal and transverse magnetic Jcs were observed at 4.2 K and 10 K for PIT strands. The higher longitudinal and transverse connectivity in densified strands is shown to be responsible for increased magnetic Jc. Second, by using a combination of Mg rod and Mg powder distributed in B powder, the hybrid strand can have an increased thickness of MgB2 layer than IMD stand. Nevertheless, the MgB2 layer is porous in the hybrid strand. Therefore, the CHPD method is aimed at improving the connectivity of MgB2 layer in the hybrid strand and therefore at further enhanced conductor Jc and Je.

Speaker: Fang Wan (The Ohio State University)

ICMC-Poster-M1Po2A-03[27]-Wan.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2A-04 [28]: Structure and properties of MgB2 bulks

It has been shown experimentally that the stoichiometry of a superconducting magnesium diboride having AlB2 structure with a high level of superconducting properties (transition temperature to superconducting state, critical current density, upper critical magnetic field, and field of irreversibility) is close to MgB1.75O0.25. The ab-inito simulation confirmed the possibility of the existence of solid substitution solutions (boron to oxygen) and the energy benefit of such stoichiometry, as well as the fact that the impurity oxygen with the high probability is included in each second plane of boron of the elemental atomic cell of magnesium diboride, while every second hexagonal plane of boron of the same unite cell remains unchanged. The DFT calculations for the composition MgB1.75O0.25 were carried out using the program packages ELK v4.3.06 – all-electron full-potential linearized augmented-plane wave (FP-LAPW) codes with exchange-correlation functionals for solids by Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff (PBE) in generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The k-point mesh grid was equal to 8×8×8 k-points. The manual optimization of the lattice parameters was performed by fitting the universal equation of state. The proper values of the muffin-tin radii were selected automatically at the initial stage of the calculations. Rmin(MT) ×{|G+k|} was set to 7, where Rmin(MT) is the minimum muffin-tin radius used in the system. The phonon calculations (2×2×2 q-points) were performed for the optimized structure and the calculations of the superconducting critical temperature were conducted within Eliashberg theory. In order to introduce oxygen in the initial MgB2, the symmetry was reduced and the supercell 1x1x2 along the c-axis was constructed. The calculated superconducting critical temperature Tc for MgB1.75O0.25 is 23.3 K. Transition temperatures of the synthesized high density magnesium diboride bulks with critical current densities Jc(0 - 1 T, 20 K)= 0.9 – 0.4 MA/cm2 were 36-38 K.

Speaker: Tetiana Prikhna (Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sc)

M1Po2A-04.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2A-05 [29]: Importance of Tensile Strength in Bulk Superconductors

As practical applications of bulk superconductors grown by TSMG and similar methods draw closer it has become apparent that close attention needs to be paid to the mechanical, as opposed to superconducting, properties of these materials. In particular the key limiting factor to the trapping of further increased magnetic fields in bulk superconductors appears to be their mechanical strength.

In this presentation I will discuss approaches to the evaluation of the tensile strength, including comparison of three-point and Brazilian test. The variation of strength within bulks and how this is affected by composition will also be discussed. Finally, I will address approaches to sample reinforcement, including external reinforcement, internal reinforcement and other approaches to ameliorating crack propagation.

Speaker: Dr John Durrell (University of Cambridge)

ICMC2019 Poster.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2A-06 [30]: Magnetic field simulation and measurement of HTS magnetic suspension system

The performance of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic bearing is directly related to the external magnetic field of the permanent magnet (PM) rotor and properties, such trapped magnetic flux, of the superconducting stator. In this paper, finite element models are built for square, tile and circular shape high temperature superconducting blocks of different sizes. A multi-functional system for measuring magnetic filed at temperature between 77 K and 300 K was built, and the external magnetic flux density and distribution of the permanent magnet and the PM rotor were obtained. A liquid nitrogen cooling and magnetic field excitation device for square, tile and circular shape HTS blocks was built，and the magnitude and distribution of the trapped flux of the superconductor under different excitation conditions were obtained. The simulation results and experimental results are compared and analyzed. The relationship between the trapped magnetic flux and the shape of HTS block are studied. The influence of machining on superconducting blocks is analyzed. Based on the above finite element simulation model and test platform, the structure of the HTS magnetic bearing was improved, and the uniformity and consistency of permanent magnets and superconductors can be studied.

Speaker: Prof. Jihao Wu (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

CEC_Poster_Yincai Zou.pdf

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM M1Po2B - REBCO at High Stress

Conveners: Pierre Bauer (ITER), Hyung-Seop Shin (Andong National University)

2:00 PM M1Po2B-01 [31]: Critical Current Measurments of Comercial REBCO Tapes as Function of Strain, Temperature and Magnetic Field

Next generation fusion and high energy physics machines will require high field magnets with the ability to operate at variable temperatures. Therefore, high current cables able to operate in such conditions will be required. As reaching magnetic fields higher than 16 T using traditional Low Temperature Superconductors can be challenging, the more recently investigated High Temperature Superconductors, and in particular REBCO conductors, could satisfy such requirements. While different configurations of high current REBCO cables are under developement, it remains crucial to understand the intrinsic behavior of individual tapes in order to optimize the cables design.
In our previous work, a technique was developed to measure the strain dependence of the critical current of REBCO tapes at different temperatures (from 4.2 to 40 K) and high magnetic fields (12-15 T). The measurements were conducted for SuperPower tapes (with 30 m substrate) using a U-spring bending device.
In this work, a new testing setup is presented. The new setup allows us to improve the quality of our measurements especially in addressing current sharing issues that were experienced in the past. The effect of the tape’s composite structure is also investigated by comparing results from tapes with different substrate thickness (50 m and 30 m) and copper stabilizer (40 m and 10 m). Additionally, tapes from different manufacturers are tested at 4.2 K and 15 T and the electrical performance as a function of strain is compared. Finally, the bending mechanism experienced by the tape mounted on the U-spring is modelled with finite element. The numerical analsys is performed to obtain the stress in the REBCO layer corresponding at each applied strain step, and ultimately extrapolate the stress dependence of the critical current of REBCO tapes (by combining the Ic vs strain behavior obtained experimentaly with the stress vs applied strain curve obtained from the model).

Speaker: Federica Pierro (Tufts University)

2:00 PM M1Po2B-02 [32]: Vortex pinning changes caused by external mechanical loading of REBCO coated conductor

In the quest for ultra-high-field magnets, one inevitable challenge is ever larger electromagnetic forces and their effect on the conductor. REBa2Cu3O7-x (REBCO) coated conductors have extraordinary transport and mechanical properties but how the vortex pinning and the external stresses are related is not well understood, especially when it passes the reversible strain of the conductor. This study aims to answer this question and analyze the related challenges for REBCO coated conductors in ultra-high-field magnets. In the experiment, lengthwise Ic and angular Ic (Ic(θ)) of a REBCO tape with artificial pinning centers (APCs) was measured by YateStar in LN2, which is a nondestructive Ic measurement system. After the measurement, 5 pieces of 16 cm long REBCO tapes were cut out and tested under 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0% strain, respectively. Then all the tested tapes were run through YateStar again. Lastly, small pieces with 4 × 4 mm in size were cut out and measured in SQUID for their critical temperatures (Tc). Magneto-optic imaging (MOI) and SEM were also employed for structural examinations. It was found that the irreversible strain is between 0.6% and 0.8%. The sample strained to 1.0% almost lost all its superconductivity. Ic(θ) at 77 K shows that the featuring peak of BaZrO3 (Bǁc) disappears for the sample strained to 0.8%. Magnetization measurements show that all the samples have very similar Tc except the one strained to 1.0%. Its Tc has been lowered by ~1 K. These results indicate that external stresses can cause permanent vortex pinning changes in the conductor and it occurs before the Tc change. In the quench of superconducting magnets, over-strain of the conductor is possible. This study gives insights of the vortex pinning properties of the conductor even if it is within the reversible strain.

Speaker: Mr Xinbo Hu (ASC, NHMFL, FSU)

2:00 PM M1Po2B-03 [33]: Investigation of Electromechanical Properties in REBCO Coated Conductor Tapes during Fatigue Test at 77 K

In the HTS superconducting magnet application fields like motors, generators, and SMES, 2G REBCO coated conductor (CC) tapes will be subjected to alternating stress or strain during manufacturing and operation. In these applications, the repeated load affects the mechanical integrity and eventually the electrical transport property of CC tapes. Therefore, mechanical and electromechanical properties of CC tapes under cyclic loading should be evaluated. In this study, a high-cycle fatigue test of 4 mm and 12 mm-width CC tapes at 77 K and room temperature has carried out. A relation between applied maximum stress and fatigue life (S–N curve) was obtained. The electromechanical properties of CC tapes were evaluated from the degradation behaviors of critical current measured at specified repeated cycles during fatigue testing. Fracture surface morphologies were observed to clarify the influence of slit edge on the fatigue strength. Considering the practical operating environment, the influence of stress ratio on the electromechanical properties was also investigated. In the aspect of reliability assessment of CC tapes, the correlation between the mechanically determined fatigue strength and electromechanical fatigue strength will be discussed.
This work was supported by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (Grant number: R18XA03). This research was also supported by a grant from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017-001109), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Republic of Korea.

Speaker: Hyung-Seop Shin (Andong National University)

CEC-ICMC 2019 Poster [M1Po2B-03]].pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2B-04 [34]: The Effect of Reinforcement Substrate Alloy Selection On Mechanical Properties of REBCO Coated Conductor

REBCO coated conductors are promising candidates for high field (>25 T) user magnets. However, as the demand for higher fields increase, so does the potential to overstrain the conductors being used. Coated conductor substrates, such as 310 stainless steel and the super-alloy Hastelloy C276, serve as the backbone for mechanical strength in these conductors. Both substrate alloys share similar properties when optimally processed into strips prior to manufacturing of the REBCO coated conductor. We find that with subsequent REBCO manufacturing processes the strength of the substrate changes, the magnitude of which depends on whether Hastelloy C276 or 310 stainless steel is used. In this study, we investigate the stress-strain variability found in coated conductors and how the manufacturing process affects the mechanical properties. The manufacturing step of concern is the short time that the substrate is exposed to high temperature (700 to 800 C) during the REBCO deposition process. To better relate manufacturing processes and mechanical properties, we subjected bare substrates to different heat treatments at 700, 750, and 800 C for 15 minutes each. With post heat-treatment room-temperature tensile tests, we found that the 310 stainless steel substrate was sensitive to the variations of time and temperature, exhibiting yield strength reductions of 20 to 50 % depending on the heat treatment. By contrast, Hastelloy C276 did not weaken and initially showed strengthening effects with exposure to the lower temperature heat treatments. Coated conductor manufactures may prefer 310 stainless steel as their substrate due to cost and availability, however, moving to Hastelloy C276 will offer better mechanical robustness and reproducibility of mechanical properties within their coated conductor.

Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (which is supported by the National Science Foundation under NSF/DMR-1157490/1664779), the State of Florida. A part of work by S. Hahn was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea as a part of Mid-Career Research Program (No. 2018R1A2B3009249).

Speaker: Kyle Radcliff (National High Field Magnetic Lavatory)

[M1Po2B-04]ICMC 2019 poster -KR.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2B-05 [35]: Magneto-Optical, electromagnetic and SEM study of slitting edge damage in 2G HTS tapes

High quality 2G HTS tapes are desired for power applications, cables, and high field magnets. The original tape is fabricated in 12-40 mm widths, but most magnets and many cables require narrower tapes made by slitting the original tape. There are many advantages of narrow tapes: reduced magnetization loss, improved field quality, faster ramp time, reduced cryogen loss, and the opportunity to tailor the operating current and magnetization loss. 2G HTS tape manufacturers use mechanical slitting of tapes into several, typically 4 mm wide strips. However, mechanical slitting damages the ReBCO layer, producing a non-superconducting band along the slit edge. Novel slicing methods are clearly needed for narrower sub-mm filaments. Here we describe the latest advances in laser slitting to evaluate the slicing damage to the SuperOx standard production 2G HTS tapes. In this study, 4 mm wide strips were slit from 12 mm wide wires using (1) an Avesta TETA laser, operating at 1030 nm and 8 W power and (2) a standard mechanical slitting machine. The tape samples were based on a 60-micron thick Hastelloy substrate, with IBAD-MgO buffer layer and PLD-GdBCO HTS layer, with $I_c$ at 77 K ranging from 130 to 190 A. Here we compare lengthwise $I_c$ and slitting damage using magneto-optical, continuous transport and SEM methods. We found that laser slitting introduces significantly less edge damage than mechanical slitting and thus produces smaller short-length $I_c$ variations. A mechanical slit reduces the effective conductor width by 400-500 $\mu$m, while the laser-cut damage less than 50 $\mu$m of the edge. Continuous wave operation lasers overheat the edge and create more damage than fiber pulse lasers.
SuperOx is supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, Grant 075-11-2018-176. NHMFL is supported by NSF through NSF/DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida.

Speaker: Dr Anatolii Polyanskii (FSU, NHMFL, ASC)

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM M1Po2C - Coil, Conductors, Devices and Properties

Conveners: Matthew C. Jewell (Materials Science Center, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire), Prof. Quan Li (University of Edinburgh)

2:00 PM M1Po2C-01 [36]: Quench, Normal Zone Propagation Velocity, and the Development of an Active Protection Scheme for a Conduction Cooled, R&W, MgB2 MRI Segment Coil

The development of coils which can survive a quench is a crucial aspect for demonstrating the viability of MgB2-based main magnet coils for MRI. Here we have studied the thermal stability properties of a large (outer diameter: 901 mm; winding pack: 44 mm thick × 50.6 mm high) conduction-cooled, R&W, MgB2 superconducting coil. Minimum quench energy (MQE) values were measured for different coil operational current (Iop) values. During these measurements, normal zone propagation velocities (υp) were also measured using multiple voltage taps placed around the heater zone. The coil was cooled conductively; Ic was 186 A at 15 K. As Iop ranged from 80 A to 175 A, MQE ranged from 152 J to 10 J, and NZP from 1.3 to 5.5 cm/s. Two kinds of heaters were involved in this study: a localized heater (“Test Heater”) used to initiate the quench, and a larger “Protection Heater” which was used to protect the coil by distributing the normal zone after a quench was detected. The protection heater was placed on the outside surface of the coil winding. The Test Heater was also placed on the outside surface of the coil at an opening made in the protection heater. We then developed and tested an active protection scheme for the coil. Such active protection modes are of great use for MgB2-based MRI because it allows us to take advantage of the relatively large MQE values of MgB2 in order to reduce the excess stabilizer needed for totally passive protection schemes, increasing winding Je and allowing competitive MgB2 MRI designs. The ability to detect the quench was demonstrated using a difference voltage between two segments of the coil, and the ability to fire a protection heater was demonstrated. A larger energy deposition will be needed for full coil protection, this development is underway.

Speaker: Ms Danlu Zhang (The Ohio State University)

2:00 PM M1Po2C-02 [37]: High Speed Spin Test of Reinforced 2212 Superconductor

This paper summarizes the latest developments in some on-going research at the Wentworth Institute of Technology to qualify a new reinforced-2212 superconductor, being developed by Solid Materials Solutions in Chelmsford, MA, for use in high magnetic fields. Under an NIH-funded grant, we are developing a high-speed spin test which will impose circumferential hoop stresses on the 2212 windings at a level (~700 Mpa) equivalent to that experienced at 30 T field levels. In year 2 of this project, we have designed and built a mandrel that can hold the wire and spin at high speeds (100,000+ rpm). By spinning coils wound on a 60-mm diameter mandrel at a speed of 100,000 rpm, the hoop stress is ~700 MPa, which is sufficient to exceed the yield strength of the reinforced Bi-2212 conductor. We will be working with Barbour Stockwell Incorporation (BSI) in Woburn, Ma to manufacture our mandrel and help complete stress testing as we do not have adequate equipment here at our school. Our proposed design includes a thin-walled mandrel with exterior threads and a top flange piece to connect the mandrel to the BSI’s machine spindle which connects to their spin test chamber. The superconducting wire sits on the exterior threads of the mandrel where it was epoxy-bonded into the mandrel. This design will allow the stress to be equally distributed circumferentially within the area of the wire. This paper presents the initial results of the spin testing which was performed at ~100 K. After each spin test, the critical current of the coil was measured at solid nitrogen temperature (63 K) in order to inspect for mechanical degradation.

Speakers: CJ Favazza (Student at Wentworth Institute of Technology), Mr Matt Franchi, Mr Connor Allen

2:00 PM M1Po2C-04 [39]: Development of an in-situ analysis instrument for micro-mechanics of materials with low temperature

A material microstructure in-situ analysis instrument was designed in which a scanning electron microscope and a small refrigerator were used to observe the microscopic morphology and cool the sample (can be cooled as low as 15 K), respectively. The instrument is also equipped with a deformation excitation device that can stretch and compress the material in situ. The vibration damping measures, thermal insulation / efficient heat transfer measures and deformation excitation measures will be discussed, and some preliminary experimental results will also be given.

Speaker: Dr Liubiao Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry，Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Chen Liubiao.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2C-06 [40]: Influence of Curing Temperature on Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Insulation Properties of Epoxy/Aluminum Nitride Composites

Epoxy/aluminum nitride composites (EP/AlN) with high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion and excellent insulation characteristics are particularly suitable for protecting a superconducting power equipment from the permanent damage of temperature rise and internal stress in quenching process. In this work, micro/nano AlN particles were used as fillers to improve the thermal conductivity and electrical insulation properties of neat epoxy. As a critical factor for the impregnation process, the effect of curing temperature on thermal conductivity and electrical insulation properties of AlN/EP were systematically investigated based on the AlN/EP samples (60% filler content of AlN-2μm and AlN-600nm (50%/50%)), which were respectively cured at temperature from 0oC to 80oC. Low curing temperature is advantageous for improving the thermal conductivity, volume resistivity, surface resistivity and surface flashover breakdown voltage of obtained epoxy composites, which is attributed to different dispersion states of AlN fillers in epoxy matrix. This study offers an experimental basis for the impregnation process and electrical application of dielectric polymer composites with high thermal conductivity in HTS equipment' manufacture.

Speaker: Dr Teng Zhang (School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University)

2:00 PM M1Po2C-09 [42]: 2-layer Cable-in-Conduit for hybrid-coil magnets

Recent results are reported in the development of 2-layer cable-in-conduit (CIC) that is designed for hybrid-coil magnets. The CIC preserves the full performance of the individual wires, and can be formed into flared-end windings for dipoles into layer-wound toroids and solenoids for hybrid windings for tokamaks. The structure of the CIC windings is designed to accommodate winding and heat-treating sub-windings of Bi-2212, Nb3Sn, and NbTi separately and then assembling them and preloading in the magnet.

Speaker: Peter McIntyre (Texas A&M University)

poster M1Po2C-09.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2C-10 [43]: Magnetic Modelling of Fields and Losses in Fast Switching, Polarizing, Superconducting Undulators

We have magnetically modelled a fast switching, polarizing, superconducting undulator. The particular design is called the SuperConducting Arbitrarily Po-larizing Emitter, or SCAPE, It has a four jaw design, and produces LCP, RCP, L-H and L-V polarization states. This design uses a dual SC undulator scheme to achieve fast switching. Each undulator is preset to generate a fixed polarization state and a small (alternating) current bump in each of the devices is used to actuate switching. The undulator period is 30 mm, the beam ID is 6 mm, and the peak field is 1 T, with a coil Je of 1200 A/mm2. The energization of the system has both AC and DC components, such that the strands experience a main DC field and a small AC cyclic field. Frequencies from a few Hz to hundreds of Hz are of interest. The present design for SCAPE uses low loss NbTi strands. We have used a combination of FEM modelling (of the undulator) and analytic modelling (of the strand) to make AC loss estimates as a function of frequency. We have also explored Nb3Sn conductors for this design, using fine filament, low loss conductors. We compare losses for these two implementations over a range of frequencies

Speaker: Milan Majoros (The Ohio State University)

2:00 PM M1Po2C-11 [44]: AC Loss Analysis on Coated Conductors at different sinusoidal frequencies for Electric Propulsion Applications

Superconducting magnets are one of the superior contenders in achieving the targets of electric aircraft industry successfully as they have very high power densities compared to other battery storage systems. Many aviation research agencies are looking at superconducting magnets as one of the alternate in replacing the conventional jet engines completely (electric aircrafts) or partially (hybrid aircrafts). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), USA has reported that high temperature superconducting magnets possesses higher specific energies (Wh/kg) and have infinite number of recharge cycles compared to other storage technologies employed for energy requirements. The other advantage of using such magnets is that there will be no hazardous disposals like batteries which lower the overall pollution. Superconducting magnets are DC operated systems however during charging or discharging transient behaviour of current results in the losses which would further ends up with heat generation. Heat generation during charging or discharging period would cause quenching of the superconductor due to sudden temperature rise.
In this work, electromagnetic analysis on superconducting magnet having capacity of 1kWh/3.6MJ has been performed where a 2D numerical model is developed using H-formulations in order to estimate the AC losses for a high temperature superconducting tape manufactured by SuperPower (SCS 12050) having 330A critical current at 77K. AC current having a load factor of 60.6% has been fed through the stacked tapes at 50Hz, 60Hz and 70Hz frequency and the magnetic flux along with current density distributions have been analysed and compared. It has been found that at higher frequencies the AC losses are found to be large than lower frequencies. Overcritical currents have been found in the current density distribution due to the application of E-J relationship for the homogeneous 2D numerical model.

Speaker: Abhinav Kumar (Lovely Professional University, Phagwara)

2:00 PM → 4:00 PM M1Po2D - Thermal, Electrical, and Magnetic Materials Properties

Conveners: Steve Krave (Fermilab), Klaus-Peter Weiss (KIT, Institute for Technical Physics)

2:00 PM M1Po2D-01 [45]: DC Surface Flashover Characteristics of ZnO/EP Composites at 77K

Epoxy resin nanocomposites are widely used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable. In this paper, the DC flashover characteristics of ZnO/EP composites at both room temperature and 77K were studied. The samples were made by dispersing ZnO nanoparticles into EP resin with weight percentages of 0%, 1%, 3%, 6% and 10% respectively. The experiment was carried out under a cryogenic system in which DC high voltages ranging from 0kV to 100kV were supplied. The results show that the surface flashover voltages changed with the increase of ZnO content at 77K, and the surface flashover voltages at 77K were higher than that at room temperature for composites with the same ZnO content.

Speaker: Kaikai Zhang (Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Kaikai Zhang.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2D-03 [46]: Cryogenic Thermal Conductivity Measurements of 3D Printed Polymer Materials

Additive manufacturing in industrial and commercial applications has drastically changed manufacturing capabilities while expanding the materials available to cryogenic engineers. Unfortunately, the thermal properties of 3D printed materials and filled materials are not well characterized, especially at cryogenic temperatures. To fill gaps in the literature, an experimental system was developed to measure the thermal conductivity of solids at cryogenic temperatures utilizing the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal Heat Flow Technique. The experimental apparatus is incorporated into a high-vacuum cryostat and tuned for insulating materials with thermal conductivities ranging from 0.01 W/m-K to 1 W/m-K. Results of thermal conductivity measurements of selective laser sintered nylon blends and polyimide insulation are presented for temperatures between 30 K and 170 K. Comparisons are made to traditional forms of the materials.

Speaker: Ian Richardson (Washington State University)

2:00 PM M1Po2D-04 [47]: Quantum effects in graphitic materials

Unlike the more common local conductance spectroscopy, nonlocal conductance can differentiate between nontopological zero-energy modes localized around inhomogeneities, and true Majorana edge modes in the topological phase. In particular, negative nonlocal conductance is dominated by the crossed Andreev reflection. Fundamentally, the effect reflects the system’s topology. In graphene, the Andreev reflection and the inter-band Klein tunneling couple electron-like and hole-like states through the action of either a superconducting pair potential or an electrostatic potential.
We are here probing quantum phenomena in modified graphitic samples. Four-point contact transport measurements at cryogenic to room temperatures were conducted using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System. The observed negative nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff probes the Andreev reflection at the walls of the superconducting grains coupled by Josephson effect through the semiconducting matrix. In addition, Gdiff shows the butterfly shape that is characteristic to resistive random-access memory devices. In a magnetic field, the Andreev reflection counters the effect of the otherwise lowered conduction. At low temperatures, the magnetoresistance shows irreversible yet strong giant oscillations that are known to be quantum in nature. Thus, graphitic materials show potential for quantum electronics applications, including rectification and topological states.

Support and funding for this work was provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under LRIR # 18RQCOR100, and the Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQ).

Speaker: Timothy Haugan (U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory)

2:00 PM M1Po2D-05 [48]: The implementation of Rashba-type asymmetric spin-orbit coupling in the theory of superconductivity: the strong-coupling approach

The analysis of superconducting properties in the presence of spin-orbit coupling is the subject of many scientific papers published in recent years. Unfortunately, the understanding of the problem is insufficient due to the fact that the theoretical results have been obtained using too simple models.

The main purpose of the research is to derive full thermodynamic equations for phonon-induced superconducting state in the presence of Rashba-type asymmetric spin-orbit coupling. Conventional Eliashberg approach, based on the 2x2 matrix Green’s function, does not take into account thermodynamic functions related to the spin-orbit interaction. Currently, even the most advanced works on phonon-induced superconducting state, formed in the presence of spin-orbit coupling, use classical Eliashberg equations, while the spin-orbit interaction is included only in the Eliashberg function. Therefore, the analysis of the problem is incomplete as the additional interaction also changes the very form of Eliashberg equations.
The starting point of our generalized formalism is the Fröhlich Hamiltonian complemented by the spin-orbit coupling operator. The fundamental element of the analysis is also the definition of the four-component Nambu spinors, which allow to create a 4x4 matrix Green’s function (taking into account Green’s scalar functions corresponding to the spin-orbit interaction). During the calculations, no additional approximations were used, except those that are normally used in the derivation of classical Eliashberg equations, i.e. the Migdal’s and Wick’s theorems.

Speaker: Ms Izabela Wrona (Institute of Physics, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa)

M1Po2D-05 [48]_IzabelaWrona.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2D-06 [49]: Superconducting state at a square lattice: a case of linear electron-phonon interaction

In the framework of the Eliashberg formalism has, the tendency to create phonon – induced superconducting state at a square lattice was analyzed. We have shown unbalanced superconducting state can not be created. However, for unbalanced parameter value smaller than $γ_{C}=0.42$ the electron – phonon interaction may induce non – classical superconducting state – the thermodynamic functions of this phase, the more deviate from the predictions of the BCS mean – field theory, the higher the value of the parameter is. In the system, we observed an anomalous increase in the effective mass of the electron along with the increase in the unbalanced parameter. This contributes to a drastic drop in critical temperature.
Our results suggest that the key to the phonon induction of a superconducting state on a square lattice is the existence of additional interaction (mechanism), not necessarily of pure electronic origin, which will force the appropriate degree of unbalancing of the system. Our results undermine all results obtained for the phonon-induced superconducting state on a square lattice obtained in the framework of the isotropic approximation.

Speaker: Ms Kamila Agnieszka Szewczyk (Department of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa)

K.A.Szewczyk_poster.pdf

2:00 PM M1Po2D-08 [50]: Analysis of negative magnetoresistance behaviors in diluted granular multilayers system at low temperatures

In this work we will discuss several theories explaining the phenomena of negative magnetoresistance (magnetoconductivity) in diluted granular multilayers samples in insulating side of the Metal-Insulator Transition (MIT). These theories will be confronted with experimental measurements in order to try to provide physical explanations for these phenomena. We re-used in our modeling investigation, experimental data published by H. G. Silva et al [1]. Variable Range Hopping (VRH) conduction was observed in the samples at low temperatures with magnetic fields.

Speaker: Prof. Adil Echchelh (Laboratory of Energetic Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco.)

2:00 PM M1Po2D-09 [51]: Screening phenomenon and hopping in two dimensional GaAs holes system at very low temperatures

We study in this manuscript the low temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity in the insulating phase in both cases nearest neighbors hopping and variable range hopping in a holes system of high mobility in two dimensions hole gas grown on the surface (311) GaAs. The behavior of the resistivity in the insulating phase in quantum wells p-GaAs is qualitatively consistent with the laws laid down by the theories of localized electrons without interaction. In particular, there is a transition from a regime of high temperature nearest neighbors hopping (NNH) to variable range hopping (VRH) at low temperature. The localization length diverge power law in the vicinity of the transition point. The analysis carried variable range hopping gives results consistent with the prediction of the critical point from a recent study of percolation and other experiences

Speaker: Prof. ABDELHAMID EL KAAOUACHI (Faculty of sciences of Agadir Morocco)

3:00 PM → 4:00 PM Afternoon Break (during Poster Session)

4:00 PM → 6:00 PM C1Or2A - Applications: Safety and Instrumentation

Conveners: Ziemowit Malecha (Wroclaw University of Technology), Sergiy Putselyk (FHR)

4:00 PM C1Or2A-01: High Level Gamma Radiation Effects on Platinum and Silicon Diode Cryogenic Temperature Sensors

High energy physics research facilities require a vast cryogenic infrastructure to cool superconducting magnets, superconducting RF cavities, and other components to their necessary operational temperatures. The temperature sensors used to monitor this infrastructure are invariably exposed to leakage radiation in varying doses depending upon their location. Compared to many other cryogenic temperature sensors, platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) and silicon diode thermometers (SiDTs) have the advantages of adhering to standard curves and requiring a single fixed current for operation. This work examines the gamma radiation-induced calibration offsets on two PRT models, the ceramic encapsulated PT-103 and the glass encapsulated PT-111, and a SiDT model DT-670-SD, all manufactured by Lake Shore Cryotronics. Subgroups of each model were subjected to a gamma radiation dose ranging from 10 kGy to 5 MGy with temperature calibrations performed pre- and post-irradiation over their respective operating ranges. Data were analyzed in terms of the temperature-equivalent change in the measured parameter. The PRTs behaved very well in radiation with the PT-103 and PT-111 subgroup average offsets for all tested irradiation levels being less than ±25 mK and ±35 mK respectively over the 20 K to 325 K temperature range. The SiDT model DT-670-SD behavior was more complicated with a clear change in behavior at 30 K. Below 30 K, the offsets consistently increased from slightly positive to roughly -5 K as the radiation dose increased. Above 30 K, the induced offset had saturated at 10 kGy ranging from about 0 K at 30 K to +30 K at 300 K, and exhibiting that same behavior and offset for all higher radiation doses. Equivalent temperature offset data over the sensors’ operating temperature ranges are presented by sensor model and total gamma dose.

Speaker: Scott Courts (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.)

C1Or2A-01 - Scott Courts - Effects of High Level Gamma Radiation on PRT and Silicon Diode Cryogenic Temperature Sensors - Final - 21 Jul 2019 PPTX.pdf

4:15 PM C1Or2A-02: Numerical study of a consequence of a vacuum insulation degradation in a cryogenic system

Vacuum is the primary method for a thermal insulation of cold elements in cryogenic systems, tanks and other cryogenic equipment. A dangerous situation arise in the case of vacuum envelope failure when a 300 K air enters the vacuum and the cold elements of cryogenics equipment are exposed to a potentially intense heat fluxes and air velocity. Depending on a mass flow of the air (equivalent to size of an insulation rapture), a different rate of the temperature and pressure growth in the vacuum chamber can promote various mechanisms of the heat transfer to the cold elements. Additionally, it can be limited by the air condensation and cryosorption. In the present work a simplified numerical model of a typical cryogenics system is developed and different scenarios of vacuum degradation are considered. The current studies aim to identify the development of the different thermal conditions in the cryogenics system in the function of the mass flow of the ventilating air.

Speaker: Ziemowit Malecha (Wroclaw University of Technology)

4:30 PM C1Or2A-03: Cryogenic Storage and Supply Systems for Breathing Protection

Respiratory Protective Devices such as a self-contained breathing apparatus or a hose supplied breathing apparatus connected to a stationary source, are used by first responders during an emergency. The most common means to store air is in high pressure gas cylinders up to 7,500psi. NIOSH conducted research in conjunction with NASA to employ cryogenics as a more efficient, safer way of storing air and also capitalize on its cooling aspects. This presentation is on two prototype storage and supply systems that were developed. In one case, an Air Storage and Fill Station (CryoASFS) was built to refill cryogenic breathing apparatus (CryoBA). The other was a Supply System for refuge chambers (CryoRASS) used to shelter in place during an emergency until rescued. Both use large dewars and cryocoolers to store and maintain the commodity in the liquid phase and low pressure to prevent venting. Liquid air was blended from liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen in the ratio 1 : 5 and the oxygen content analyzed for verification. These units were built onto steel baseplates, with the dewars oriented horizontally and covered with a steel enclosures for protection against rough handling. Functional tests showed that the CryoASFS was able to fill multiple CryoBAs simultaneously without issues. The CryoRASS was able to provide breathing air and remove heat and humidity in a refuge chamber and maintain the chamber environment within applicable life support standards for long periods of time. These prototypes are now ready to be tested by first responders in simulated emergency situations to get feedback on the designs and recommendations for improvement.

Speaker: Rohan Fernando (CDC-NIOSH)

4:45 PM C1Or2A-04: How the Sample Environment Communication Protocol may benefit the automation of commercial cryogenic equipment

The International Society for Sample Environment (sampleenvironment.org) has developed a device-communication protocol for shared pools of portable and interchangeable laboratory equipment, including temperature, pressure, and magnetic field systems. The Sample Environment Communication Protocol (SECoP) uses self-describing metadata to enable plug-and-play connection of a wide range of devices to the user facility data acquisition and control computers. Equipment developers may incorporate SECoP servers into their systems, such that multiple low-level controllers are locally integrated into a single node, providing the end user with a simple, standardized interface. Presently, the SECoP effort is based within the neutron and X-ray scattering communities. However, the potential benefits to the larger cryogenic engineering community should be seriously considered. The present talk explores the use of SECoP for a portable helium management system, which includes customizable modules for boil-off recovery, pressurized gas storage, purification, liquefaction, and automated liquid transfer. The goal is to provide reliable automation and easy integration of the helium management system into a customer’s facility.

Speaker: Mr Anthony Ruffino (Drexel University)

ARuffinoCECICMC2019SECoP.pdf

ARuffinoCECICMC2019SECoP.pptx

5:00 PM C1Or2A-05: Stable Operation of Cryogenic System at 2K during the RF or Magnet Power Variations

In the last decades, several laboratories, like CERN, DESY, CEBAF, constructed the accelerators with large number of superconducting (sc) cavities or magnets operating at 2 or 4K temperature levels. Other accelerators, e.g. at GSI/FAIR, SLAC, MSU, ESS are under construction. Typically, the operation of sc cavity requires narrower ranges of pressure variation than ones of sc magnets. For large accelerators a complicated controlling of refrigerator and cryogenic system is required, which requires more elaborated design in comparison to small testing benches or single cavities modules. A review of controlling principles and loops, typically applied for the controlling of liquid helium level and pressure for large accelerators is presented. Other possible control loops, e.g. cascade control or multivariable feed-back (or with feed-forward option), are discussed. Activities, which are required for the commissioning of control loops and supporting measurements, are also mentioned. Supplementary measurements on thermal equilibration time constant between gaseous and liquid superfluid helium are also presented.

Speaker: Dr Sergiy Putselyk (FHR)

5:15 PM C1Or2A-06: HECAL: A cryostat for calibration of hot wires

The Laboratory SBT has studied Fundamental Turbulence at High Reynolds Number for many years. Indeed, low temperature Helium has such a low viscosity, that very high values of the so-called Reynolds number Re≡UL/υ can be reached (U: velocity, L: characteristic scale of the flow, υ kinematic viscosity). These values allow to compare experiments with existing phenomenological descriptions of turbulence, which most often assume an infinite Reynolds number. Different experiments were performed [1-3], which allowed to study high Reynolds Number flows, and also to compare these (normal helium) turbulent flows with superfluid flows driven under the same conditions. These flows can be characterized with hot wire anemometry [4]. It was used in Hejet [2], but improvements in terms of spatial resolution and reliability are still under development. Moreover, the hot wires should be calibrated, which is not always possible in situ.
Therefore, we built a facility dedicated to the test and calibration of hot wires. In this paper, we describe this original cryostat. Indeed, instead of having a fixed hot wire in an incoming flow, which is the usual situation for hot wire calibration devices, the hot wire to calibrate is installed on a support part, which can be rotated in a fluid at rest. In order to calibrate the hot wires in the same velocity domain as in the SHREK and Hejet experiments, the support of the hot wire can reach velocities of a few meters per second. This calibration facility, called Hecal, is described and its first results will be presented.

1] B. Rousset, et al, AIP Conf. Proc. 985, 633 (2008).
[2] D. Durì,et al, Review of Scientific Instruments 86, 025007 (2015).
[3] B. Rousset, et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 103908 (2014).
[4] Bruun, “Hot-wire Anemometry: Principles and Signal Analysis”, Oxford University Press, 1995.

Speaker: Dr Alain Girard (CEA Grenoble)

Girard_CEC2019.pdf

5:30 PM C1Or2A-07: Measurement of heat flux in multi-layer insulated helium cryostats after loss of insulating vacuum

The dimensioning of pressure relief devices (PRD) for cryogenic pressure equipment requires knowledge on the heat input at the maximum credible incident. In helium cryostats, this situation is typically defined by the loss of insulating vacuum (LIV), where the heat load is induced by desublimation and condensation of atmospheric air on the cryogenic surface. This surface is often covered with multi-layer insulation (MLI) in order to reduce the thermal radiation heat load in standard operation. During loss of insulating vacuum, the MLI represents a diffusive barrier for the air to reach the cryogenic surface, reducing the heat flux as well.

Experimental reference data for the heat flux in case of LIV exist mainly for blank surfaces; only few data are published for MLI-covered helium surfaces. Therefore, the effect has been investigated in the cryogenic safety test facility PICARD at KIT. The paper presents the results of venting experiments carried out with different numbers of layers and different types of MLI.

Speaker: Andre Henriques (CERN)

CEC19_A.Henriques_C1Or2A-07.pdf

5:45 PM C1Or2A-08: A new European Standard for the protection of helium cryostats against excessive pressure

As compared to cryogenic storage vessels, helium cryostats include active components such as superconducting devices, heaters, pumps and control valves, which strongly influence the risk of excessive pressure. The European Standard "Helium cryostats – protection against excessive pressure" is therefore being developed by the working group CEN/TC 268/WG6, dealing with specific helium technology applications.
The new European Standard will be applicable to all helium cryostats, including e.g. superconducting magnet cryostats and cryostats for superconducting radio-frequency cavities, to coldboxes of helium refrigerators and liquefiers, to ultra-low temperature refrigerator systems using 3He and 3He/4He mixtures as well as to helium distribution systems. It covers typical accidental scenarios in order to harmonise the risk assessment and common practice for the dimensioning and the design of pressure relieving systems.
We report on the general structure and conceptual improvements of the new Standard, as well as on the present work status.

Speaker: Prof. Steffen Grohmann (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration, Institute for Technical Physics)

C1Or2A-08_Grohmann.pdf

4:00 PM → 5:45 PM C1Or2B - Superconducting RF Systems, Power Cables, and Leads I

Conveners: Jonathan Demko (LeTourneau University), Thomas Nicol (Fermilab)

4:00 PM C1Or2B-01: Understanding the Response of High Temperature Superconducting Power Cables in Electrical Faults

High temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables are expected to be used in electric aircraft and ships that will have integrated power systems. There have been a few studies on understanding electrical faults in power systems consisting of HTS cables. However, there are no comprehensive studies on the response of HTS cables for various kinds of electrical faults. We have recently initiated a research project on understanding various electrical faults in shipboard MVDC power system, and the duration of the fault, maximum voltage and current the HTS cables will encounter during the fault. The type of fault and associated maximum voltage and current depends on the power conversion systems and the corresponding fault management protocols. This paper presents investigations on the potential architectures being developed for MVDC power systems, and the type of faults that HTS cables will encounter in such systems. The paper will assess the relative merits of the architectures in terms of their suitability for accommodating the limitations of cryogenically cooled HTS cables and offer resilient power system. Electrical and cryogenic thermal models of HTS cables suitable for assessing the response of HTS cables for electrical faults will also be discussed. HTS cable designs that can endure electrical faults without catastrophic damage and thus result in a resilient MVDC power system will also be discussed.

Speaker: Sastry Pamidi (The Florida State University)

4:15 PM C1Or2B-02: Development of a coaxial dipole designs using superconducting gas-insulated lines

Power systems in electric transportation applications and some power grids are being designed with medium voltage DC (MVDC) systems to achieve high power density and take advantage of the new developments in power electronics. The coaxial dipole superconducting gas-insulated line (S-GIL) is a high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable design which shows great potential to provide a high power dense gas cooled HTS cable. Our previous research focused on developing a monopole S-GIL where the helium gas functions both as cryogen and the dielectric medium. We reported both conceptual designs of S-GIL and 1 m long prototype capable of operating at significantly higher voltages than what is possible with solid insulated gaseous helium (GHe) cooled HTS cables. GHe cooled HTS are of interest because of their enhanced current ratings by operating below 60 K. While the monopole S-GIL design shows great promise, it is somewhat inefficient in its cryogenic design because of the requirement of one cryostat per pole. A coaxial dipole S-GIL reduces the number of cryostats required while also reducing the self-field effect on critical current and reduces/eliminates the magnetic field leaking out of the cable system. This paper discusses the conceptual design of a gas cooled coaxial superconducting dipole, fabrication of a prototype, and characterization of the dipole in terms of maximum possible voltage. The data from the measurements will be used to discuss the design options and optimization of the coaxial dipole S-GIL as well as to determine its applicability for MVDC systems. The paper discusses the challenges in the designs in terms of required insulator supports and achieving gas flow without causing unacceptable pressure drop and temperature gradient across long cable systems.

Speaker: Dr Sastry Pamidi (The Florida State University)

4:30 PM C1Or2B-03: Conduction-cooled SRF cavities: Apparatus and first results

Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities are traditionally cooled by immersion in liquid helium, which enforces building and operating complex cryogenic infrastructure. A simpler alternative for cooling the cavities is to conductively couple the cavities with closed-cycle regenerative cryocoolers. In this contribution, we will showcase the development of an experimental setup for demonstrating liquid helium free operation of SRF cavities. The setup comprises a high-purity aluminum link that connects an SRF cavity to a 4 K pulse tube cryocooler, a magnetically shielded cryostat assembly, and a RF driver with phase-locked loop for measuring the cavity performance parameters. We will also present the proof-of-principle accelerating gradients measured on single cell 650 MHz and 1.3 GHz SRF cavities with conduction cooling and discuss pathways to achieve accelerating gradients that are practical for industrial applications.

Speaker: Ram Dhuley (Fermilab)

C1Or2B-03 - Dhuley CEC19.pdf

4:45 PM C1Or2B-04: Cryogenic system configurations to cool superconducting radio frequency cavities at 2 K

Any upgrade of the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to an electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Brookhaven will employ superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. These SRF cavities will be used to accelerate the electron beam in the new machine. External and internal mechanical, acoustic, electrical excitation sources, typically refered to as microphonics, cause disturbances to the SRF cavity's shape leading to detuning of the cavity. This study explores system configurations that can eliminate any flow induced microphonics, giving rise to a relatively quiet 2 K system. In addition to this, the paper also discusses various possibilities in intercepting heat at higher temperatures so that the total heat to be removed at 2 K is minimized. Effects of these considerations on cryomodule design are also discussed.

Speaker: Dr Dhananjay Ravikumar (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

C1Or2B-04.pdf

C1Or2B-04.pptx

5:00 PM C1Or2B-05: Analysis of the thermal recovery of HTS cables after an overcurrent fault

High temperature superconducting (HTS) power transmission cables are cooled to operating temperatures typically below 80 K using liquid nitrogen or gaseous helium. HTS cables are being considered for use in connecting substations to allow transformers to share load, or for long distance, low loss electrical power transmission. One interesting feature of HTS cables is that they have been shown to limit short circuit fault currents, which can be more than ten times the maximum operating current of a cable. When a fault occurs, the cable current exceeds the critical current of the HTS material, and the cable operates in a resistive mode for a short duration (nominally four ac cycles). During this short time, a significant amount of energy is dissipated in the cable and the cable will heat up above its normal operating temperature and must cool down before it can be returned to service. The recovery process of a high temperature superconducting power transmission cable involves several factors include the cooling scheme (counterflow or parallel flow), the refrigerator system performance with load and temperature, the energy deposited during a fault scenario, and the operating temperature margin. This is an investigation into the thermal recovery after a fault for some different HTS cable system configurations and operating conditions.

Speaker: Jonathan Demko (LeTourneau University)

5:15 PM C1Or2B-06: Quick-replacement high-temperature superconducting current leads for use in a research cryostat

We report the use of a series of high-temperature superconducting leads in a cryostat that require no soldering to replace in the event of a failed lead. The temperature range spanned by the leads is 50 to 3 Kelvin and they typically carry currents up to 4 amperes although they have a much higher capacity in this temperature range. The leads are integrated into the cryostat by clamping both ends to gold-plated copper pads. Support of the leads over the 25 cm length is provided by a simple G10 strong back. Details of the clamping interface, measurements of joint resistances, and other interesting observations will be discussed.

Speaker: Dr Mark Kimball (NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)

5:30 PM C1Or2B-07: Investigation of Cryogenic Mixed-Refrigerant Cooled Current Leads in Combination with Peltier Elements

Current leads supply electrical energy from a room-temperature power supply to a superconducting application, representing thus a major thermal load. State-of-the-art cooling solutions use either open (vapor cooled) or multi-stage closed cycle systems. The multi-stage concept can be integrated in one cryogenic mixed refrigerant cycle (CMRC), where a wide-boiling fluid mixture absorbs the heat load continuously along the current lead.
In this paper, we study the combination of CMRC cooling with Peltier elements at the warm end of DC current leads. The Peltier cooling may cause a temperature drop on the order of 80 K. This allows an optimization of the CMRC mixture composition towards lower temperatures, avoiding the use of high-boilers that risk to freeze out at low temperatures. Our studies suggest that Peltier and CMRC cooling can reduce the thermal load at the cold end by 30 to 45 % compared to conventional conduction-cooled current leads.

Speaker: Shabagin Eugen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT))

C1Or2B-07_E.Shabagin_PDF.pdf

4:00 PM → 6:00 PM M1Or3A - Memorial Session: Dedicated to Prof. Tachikawa

Conveners: Wilfried Goldacker (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology / ITEP), Hiroaki Kumakura (National Institute for Materials Science)

4:00 PM M1Or3A-01 [Invited]: My studies of Nb3Sn, V3Ga and Nb3Al wires and tapes in National Research Institute for Metals(NRIM)

When I joined Tachikawa's group in NRIM(now NIMS) in 1978, they have almost finished the research of bronze–process and they were carrying out many kinds of impurity additions to Nb3Sn wires. Soon they found that Ti addition is very effective to enhance Jc values at high field region. I measured Hc2 values of various impurity added bronze processed Nb3Sn wires at MIT, and found that Ti or Ta addition increased Hc2 from ~22T(pure Nb3Sn with bronze) to ~26T. I also studied in situ process for Nb3Sn and V3Ga wires and tapes. The in situ V3Ga tapes were used as conductors of innermost coils of the 18T superconducting magnet constructed in NRIM.
Nb3Al is one of the promising candidates for high field magnets because of its higher Hc2 and stronger mechanical tolerance than Nb3Sn. Tachikawa and I carried out the synthesis of high-Jc Nb3Al and Nb3(Al,Ge) tapes using high energy laser or electron beam irradiations to Nb-Al and Nb-Al-Ge precursor tapes. Precursor tapes were prepared by the powder-in-tube method. By the mechanical working to tapes Al and Nb particles were elongated into fibers. The high energy beam irradiation was continuously carried out along the tape length. As the power density was high and the irradiation time was short, the tapes were heated and cooled much faster than a tape heat-treated by a conventional method. As a result stoichiometric Nb3Al and Nb3(Al,Ge) compounds were formed without any excess grain coarsening. This led to the high Jc values at high field region. For example, Jc of electron beam irradiated Nb3(Al,Ge) tape reached ~28,000A/cm2 in 25T at 4.2K. This was the highest Jc at that time.

Speaker: Dr Hiroaki Kumakura (National Institute for Materials Science)

4:20 PM M1Or3A-02 [Invited]: Role of strains in superconducting Nb3Sn

Superconducting Nb3Sn wires are actually in the focus to achieve enhanced high field performance, in particular for future advanced accelerator magnets of the next generation, by means of novel preparation methods to increase the flux pinning. It was learned already quite early in the development of the material that stresses and strains play an important role in the Nb3Sn system and strongly influence the superconducting properties, the critical temperature, the critical current and the upper critical field in a quite complex way. Strain effects in Nb3Sn were already investigated through more than 3 decades in the community by various methods and on the whole variety of samples, bulk, thin films and wires. Investigations on the microscopic scale, the scale of the crystal lattice are used to describe and understand the strain induced and related physical properties and investigations on macroscopic composite samples as wires were used to characterize the sample response as a whole under external stress load as from Lorenz forces in the application. In practical wires the situation is rather complex since most of phase is off-stoichiometric and doped with ternary additions as Ta and Ti which has significant influence on the strain response. Additionally different wire geometries and preparation schemes lead to much different boundary conditions for the stress state with important consequences for the application of superconducting wires. This contribution likes to review selected important investigations on the different aspects of strain effects, the applied experimental methods with their specific message and finally giving a short summary of the achieved understanding of the phenomena.

Speaker: Dr Wilfried Goldacker (Karlsruhe Institute of Technoloigy)

4:40 PM M1Or3A-03 [Invited]: Alloying additions to Nb3Sn – are they still an unfinished business? (a tribute to the life and work of Kyoji Tachikawa)

The discovery that small amounts of Cu enable the formation of V3Ga, Nb3Sn and other A15 compounds without intermediate Nb-Sn phase formation without needing to go to liquid reactions opened the path to fine A15 grain size and multifilamentary strand and all the applications that followed, from NMR to ITER and beyond. Nb3Sn tape then rapidly disappeared. In order to meet the needs of the next generation of high-field magnets in the 16-18 T range, we need Nb3Sn conductors that not only significantly exceed today’s best critical current properties but also can be produced at reasonable cost. Our own most recent ventures have been with Hf-alloyed Nb4at.%Ta alloys. Kyoji Tachikawa had championed Hf as a potentially beneficial addition to Nb in the early 1980s. With few demands then for ultra-high field properties, the benefits may have been overlooked. We have since returned to examine Hf additions to the Hc2-optimized Nb4at.%Ta alloy. We have found that the Nb4at.%Ta1Hf alloy recrystallizes much less easily than Nb4at.%Ta alloy and forms a much smaller A15 grain size without sacrificing irreversibility field, greatly increasing the high field current density. We look at the history of these developments and what they might suggest for the future development of Nb3Sn conductors.

Speaker: David Larbalestier (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)

5:00 PM M1Or3A-04 [Invited]: Present Status and Future Prospects of Nb3Al Conductor Development in National Institute for Materials Science

Prof. Kyoji Tachikawa always had strong interest for superconducting materials having high Jc in high magnetic fields. In 1980’s, his interests had moved from the bronze processed V3Ga and Nb3Sn wires to advanced Nb3Al and Nb3(Al,Ge) wires, which had much higher Bc2(4.2K) of over 30 T. The stoichiometric Nb3Al as well as Nb3(Al,Ge) required high temperature heat treatment about 2,000oC, so that he proposed the liquid quenching process and the high energy beam irradiation process with his colleagues (Drs. Togano and Kumakura) at National Research Institute for Metals (NRIM). Those Jc of 18,000 A/mm2 could be obtained at 4.2 K and 15 T, and however it was difficult to fabricate a long length round wire by using those processes. In 1990’s, after he moved to Tokai University from NRIM, he tried to newly synthesis Nb3Al and Nb3(Al,Ge) through the diffusion process using intermediate compounds as a starting material. He also proposed MgO powder addition to A15 in this study, and he found that it was successful to introduce effective pinning centers and to suppress the peak effect on Nb3(Al,Ge). Actually, I was Ph.D student in his laboratory at that time.
Meanwhile, in 1990's at NRIM, his three colleagues (Drs. Inoue, Iijima and Takeuchi) proposed the Rapid Heating/Quenching and Transformation (RHQT) process for Nb3Al round wires. I have joined this work in the late 1990’s after graduation from Tachikawa laboratory. Today I still keep going on the R&D for Nb3Al wires after their retirement. I will give a talk about present status and future prospects of Nb3Al conductor development at National Institute for Materials Science.

Speaker: Akihiro Kikuchi (National Institute for Materials Science)

5:20 PM M1Or3A-05 [Invited]: Nb3Sn conductors with artificial pinning centers

The recent progresses, properties, and future work of APC Nb3Sn conductors are reported. Great progresses have been made in the past two years in developing the APC Nb3Sn wires, including adding Ta dopant and improving wire recipe and quality. This has led to great improvement in their properties. The most recent APC wires have achieved Bc2 (4.2 K) above 28 T (1-2 T higher than conventional best Nb3Sn wires) and non-Cu Jc values above the Jc specification required by the Future Circular Collider (FCC). Other unique features of the APC wires that are not seen in conventional Nb3Sn conductors, such as much higher Sn content in Nb3Sn layers and shift of Fp-B curve peaks to higher fields, are discussed in details. The causes for the high Sn content are explained by a diffusion reaction theory developed for the growth of Nb3Sn layer. The shift in Fp-B curve peaks and improvement in pinning force have long been believed to be caused by the refined Nb3Sn grain size in the APC wires. Here experimental studies show that the ZrO2 particles, which serve as point pinning centers, play a more important role than the refined grain size. The size and distribution of ZrO2 particles are observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM). At last the future work needed for the development of APC wires is reported, including optimization work to further push the performance and work that is still needed to make practical long-length magnet-grade conductors.

Speaker: Xingchen Xu (Fermi National Accelerator Lab)

5:40 PM M1Or3A-06 [Invited]: Jc enhancement and changes in the pinning mechanisms in newly alloyed Nb3Sn for FCC application

The construction of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) has very stringent requirements for Nb₃Sn conductor critical current density, J_c, with a target non-Cu J_c(16T, 4.2K) of at least 1500 A/mm². Nowadays the best commercial Nb₃Sn strands can only reach 1300 A/mm², consequently it will be necessary to significantly increase the high field J_c. To meet this challenge requires new approaches that can introduce additional pinning centers while maintaining a high irreversibility field, H_Irr. In this work, we focus on Nb₃Sn wires prepared using Nb-Ta-Zr and Nb-Ta-Hf alloys. Both Zr and Hf had been partially investigated in the ’80 and ’90 but only recently it has been shown that greatly enhanced pinning can be obtained in Nb₃Sn with Zr or Hf, while maintaining high H_Irr by incorporating Ta doping. In the Zr case, an internal oxygen source (SnO₂) is required, and ZrO₂ nanoparticles have been shown to form in the Nb₃Sn. However, we find that F_p and J_c at high field can be further improved with Hf additions without supplemental oxygen. The introduction of a significant point defect pinning contribution increases the maximum of F_p by more than a factor 2 and shifts its peak position from 4.6 to 5.8 T with respect to Ta-only doped wires. This leads to a layer J_c(16T, 4.2K) of about 3710 A/mm², corresponding to a potential non-Cu J_c(16T, 4.2K) of 2230 A/mm². We will also discuss the sensitivity of these properties to heat treatment, the different H_Irr and F_p behavior with respect to standard Ta/Ti-doped conductors and the recent high field characterizations of newer alloyed wires.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the U.S. DOE No.DE-SC0012083. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by NSF Cooperative Agreement No.DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida.

Speaker: Dr Chiara Tarantini (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University)

4:00 PM → 6:00 PM M1Or3B - Focus Series A: REBCO Coated Conductors III

Conveners: Boris Maiorov (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Jun-ichi Shimoyama (Aoyama Gakuin University)

4:00 PM M1Or3B-01 [Invited]: Transient liquid assisted growth: why is it a new opportunity for nanostructured coated conductors?

Coated conductors (CCs) of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) have emerged as the most attractive opportunity to reach unique performances for large scale superconducting power applications and high field magnets, though reducing the cost/performance ratio continues to be a key objective at present. It is still particularly necessary to develop faster growth in order to increase the CC throughput. Liquid-assisted growth of YBCO coated conductors is a very promising approach to fulfill this requirement.
In this presentation a novel methodology of very general validity will be reported called Transient Liquid Assisted Growth (TLAG). We will show that using Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) of non-Fluorine metalorganic precursors we can generate kinetic conditions where the thermodynamic hindrances to form stable liquids can be avoided and so a transient liquid can be formed in principle for any REBa2Cu3O7 (RE = Rare Earth or Y). We will show that growth rates as high as 100 nm/s can be achieved with this approach. On the other hand, an additional advantage of CSD-TLAG is that preformed nanoparticles can be incorporated to the metalorganic ink to prepare superconducting nanocomposites and so enhance vortex pinning. We will present the principles of this novel growth approach and the different strategies we are following to control supersaturation in the liquid assisted nucleation and growth, the new defects landscape and the role of the preformed nanoparticles in the vortex pinning of TLAG-nanocomposites. Finally, the potential of CSD-TLAG for industrial scaling up and specific power applications will be discussed.
This research has been funded by projects EU-ERC_AdG-2014-669504ULTRASUPERTAPE, EU-FP7 NMP-LA-2012-280432 EUROTAPES, EU-H2020 FASTGRID and Excellence Program Severo Ochoa SEV2015-0496

Speaker: Xavier Obradors (ICMAB - CSIC)

4:25 PM M1Or3B-02 [Invited]: ReBCO processing techniques and cryogenic measurements to enhance 2G HTS quality

STI continues to improve our High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) ReBCO coated conductor production and metrology techniques to deliver higher-performance & lower-cost superconducting products to our customers in key application markets. In this talk, we’ll cover (3) areas of our recent focus to enhance our product qualities; Long length in-field metrology for 2G HTS characterization, Process controls for higher performance ReBCO film properties during growth, & slitting processes to minimize yield loss for narrow gauge applications.

Metrology: A goal for our Dept. of Energy grant is to develop ReBCO characterization measurements up to 2 Tesla B-Field & at all-angles & 65K on continuous long-length superconductor tapes. STI is working on a cryogenic sensor technology for an inline superconductor measurement machine & will report on progress.

Process Control: 2G HTS ReBCO superconductor crystal growth is best accomplished in precisely controlled oxygen partial pressure and at high temperatures (>750oC). STI is working with Fiber Bragg arrays for improved in-situ high temperature process control accuracy & repeatability in large area furnaces to achieve higher yield production and lower costs.

Slitting: STI grows ReBCO 2G HTS on foil substrates up to 550m long x 16mm wide. Some product applications require the superconductors to be as thin as 1mm, like discrete wires. We’ll review slitting effects on superconducting wire quality over long-lengths and our findings on different processing techniques used to-date.

Speaker: Mr Ken Pfeiffer (STI)

CEC_ICMC 2019 STI_K_Pfeiffer_M10r3B-02.pdf

4:50 PM M1Or3B-03 [Invited]: Progress in 2G HTS wire development at MetOx

YBCO based 2G HTS wires are being manufactured at MetOx on pilot production scale at this time with the ultimate goal of providing the industry with high performance and low-cost wires for magnet and cable applications. MetOx uses IBAD/MOCVD process and currently coats 12 mm wide tape. At this time MetOx wires have 50 m single piece length and 77K/SF Ic of 400-500A. Two different recipes have been developed: high in-field performance wire for magnet applications and lower cost wire for cable applications. MetOx MOCVD YBCO process has distinctive features which make it scalable for high throughput low cost production. It utilizes proprietary growth process enhancement, which allows high performance YBCO coatings to be produced in situ at high growth rates. MetOx is developing the next generation of process tools with 1000 km per year capacity which should be commissioned in 2020-21 time frame and should meet the growing demand for lower cost high performance 2G wire.

Speaker: Mr Mikhail Novozhilov (Metal Oxide Technologies LLC)

5:15 PM M1Or3B-04 [Invited]: Progress in scale up of thick-film 2G-HTS with artificial pinning centers

Dramatic improvement in in-field performance of thick 2G-HTS tapes has been recently achieved in >4 m thick REBCO films over a wide range of field and temperatures, as demonstrated by the resulting engineering current densities, JE, of over 15 MA/cm2 at 30 K, 3 T and over 5 kA/mm2 (0.5 MA/cm2) at 14 T, 4.2 K, which is over five times higher than that of Nb3Sn. The ability to control film quality at high film thickness has been addressed by the development of an Advanced MOCVD (A-MOCVD) deposition system, while the maximization of in-field performance has been achieved by progress in understanding of control of Artificial Pinning Center (APC) size, density and morphology.
In this talk, the progress in scale-up of the A-MOCVD + APC technology will be presented. The details associated with scale-up will be outlined. In addition, the progress in inline quality control metrology and real time process feedback will be presented. In particular, incorporation of an inline 2D-XRD system into A-MOCVD will be discussed, along with the identification of key features of the XRD footprint that enable not only identification of film growth quality, but also identification of APC morphology, density and in-field performance. The effect of composition and type of APCs on stability and repeatability of performance will be discussed. Progress in process efficiency improvement will be presented. Finally, newly discovered features of in-field performance will be presented that enable long-length characterization of in-field performance over a wide range of fields and temperatures based on Pearson Correlation characteristics of thick REBCO films with different APCs.

Speaker: Prof. Goran Majkic (University of Houston)

5:40 PM M1Or3B-05 [Invited]: Round REBCO Wires with Excellent Flexibility and High Engineering Current Densities

The University of Houston and AMPeers have developed round REBCO wires of 1.3 to 1.9 mm in diameter that can retain nearly 100% of its critical current even when bent to a radius of 15 mm. Such a small bending radius is a requirement of canted cosine theta coils that are being developed for accelerator magnets. Such small diameter wires and excellent bend strain tolerance have been made possible through the use of symmetric REBCO tapes with ultra-thin substrates (~ 18 – 22 µm thick). Guided by an analytical stress-strain model, copper stabilizer of an optimum thickness is deposited primarily on the REBCO side to position the REBCO layer close to the neutral plane. Symmetric Tape Round (STAR) wires have been fabricated with 6 – 12 layers of tape wound on copper formers of diameters as small as 0.5 mm. STAR wires tested at 4.2K exhibit engineering current densities as high as 739 A/mm^2 at 15 T and 584 A/mm^2 at 20 T. STAR wires have been scaled up to long lengths and are becoming available for fabrication of compact coils for accelerator magnets and other applications.

Speaker: Venkat Selvamanickam (University of Houston)

4:00 PM → 6:00 PM M1Or3C - Focus Session: Magnets & Epoxy

Conveners: Kathleen Amm (Brookhaven National Laboratory), David Evans (ITER Organization)

4:00 PM M1Or3C-01 [Invited]: Resins for Superconducting Magnet Construction – An Overview of Requirements, Processing and Properties

The resin used for bonding and insulating superconducting magnets can be a major factor in ensuring reliable and stable operation of the completed assembly. There are many resin systems and available to magnet designers and engineers. The selection of the correct material depends on the application technique selected, the processing requirements and the end properties required of the cured resin. Available techniques for magnet construction and bonding include vacuum impregnation (VPI), so called ‘wet winding’ and the use of pre-impregnated fabrics. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are considered and the processing requirements for each are discussed. Materials selection requires an understanding of the processing characteristics such as viscosity and ‘useable lifetime’ but these must be married with the properties required of the cured resin. A low viscosity and long useable life is a frequent requirement for VPI processing of large magnet systems and this may be difficult to match with high thermal shock resistance that may be required to minimize cracking possibilities in resin rich regions. Examples are presented of resin systems resistant to cracking and structural features that enhance this parameter. For many magnets that may operate in an ionising radiation environment, radiation stability is an important requirement. Radiation stable systems are described and structural features that promote such stability are considered, along with the difficulty of matching all competing requirements.

Speaker: Prof. David Evans (Advanced Cryogenic Materials Ltd)

4:25 PM M1Or3C-02 [Invited]: Epoxy and quench training of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets

In this talk, we will present magnet performance and quench training of LBNL Nb3Sn accelerator magnets and our experience and quests for a better epoxy for reducing quench training in Nb3Sn superconducting magnets. We will present our assessment of properties of CTD-101K, several other epoxies that have been used for superconducting magnets, and new recipes being explored at LBNL, and discuss the training performance and mechanical analysis of the canted cosine-theta magnets recently built at LBNL and impregnated with the widely used CTD-101K and NHMFL-mix 61, a higher toughness epoxy. To examine various hypothesis of root causes of quench training, we will then present our measurement results of epoxy cracking, debonding and interfacial shearing at the interfaces between epoxy and other components of superconducting winding under various loads, including tensile, compression, shear only, a combination of compression and shear, and with various Nb3Sn magnet fabrication treatments, including with or without S-2 glasses going through a Nb3Sn reaction heat treatment, and with or without using the CTD1202, a ceramic binder that is believed to make brittle the S-2 glass fibers.

Speaker: Tengming Shen (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)

4:50 PM M1Or3C-03 [Invited]: Tough Epoxy Systems for the Impregnation of (Future) High Field Superconducting Magnets

B. J. Gold1,2, B. Auchmann2,3, D. Tommasini3, T. A. Tervoort1

1Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
2Paul Scherrer Institute, GFA, Villigen, Switzerland
3CERN, TE, Geneva, Switzerland

The Future Circular Collider Study (FCC, hosted by CERN) explores possible designs for circular colliders addressing the post-LHC era. To reach higher energies which is fundamental for studying up-to-now unexplained phenomena, the development of new technologies, i.e. new coil concepts, providing magnetic fields up to 16 T, is desirable. A crucial aspect in this area of research addresses the necessary improvements with respect to the resin impregnation systems, with the goal to overcome field limiting effects occurring during training like micro-cracks, plastic events, or delamination. A current cooperation between ETH Zürich, Paul Scherrer Institute and CERN, embedded in the CHART (Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology) initiative , aims at the development of tough epoxy systems suited for the impregnation of future high field superconducting magnets. In the first project period, - running since May 2018 – a baseline is established by the characterization of three technically relevant systems that are compared with regards to their mechanical and processing properties at room temperature and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. An overview about the project itself as well as its latest status concerning the compression, tensile, three-point bending, fracture toughness, viscosity and calorimetric measurements will be given and put up for discussion.

Speaker: Prof. Theo A. Tervoort (Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland)

5:15 PM M1Or3C-04 [Invited]: Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Two Epoxies used for Superconducting Magnet Impregnation

Superconducting magnet epoxy impregnation has the unique requirement of utilizing a liquid with very specific properties at slightly elevated temperatures that transforms into a solid with low temperature property requirements. Here we test the properties of two neat resin epoxies at room and cryogenic temperatures. Tensile, compressive, fracture toughness and thermal expansion tests are conducted on the two materials. We compare the properties and discuss their relationship to magnet performance.

Speaker: Robert Walsh (Florida State University)

5:40 PM M1Or3C-05 [Invited]: Investigation of Thermoplastic Matrix Materials for Nb3sn Superconducting Coils

Epoxy resins have long been a focus of superconducting magnet design. They provide strength and stability to the superconductor, to allow coil fabrication and consistent magnet performance. They are often cited as a main contributor to magnet performance, often as a limiting factor, from epoxy cracking and energy release. While a large variety of alternative thermoset resins have been investigated from cyanate esters to bismaleimides, thermoplastic resins are often ignored because of their high viscosity, high processing temperature and general difficulty of use in such an application. Historical methods are abandoned, and alternative techniques are developed to handle the challenging resin systems. Test results demonstrating the feasibility of high-performance thermoplastic systems for superconducting magnets are presented.

Speaker: Steve Krave (Fermilab)

Tuesday, July 23

7:45 AM → 7:50 AM Registration Open (7:00 AM - 5:30 PM)

7:50 AM → 7:55 AM Cryo Expo Open - 9:00 AM - 3:30 PM

7:55 AM → 8:15 AM ICMC Awards (7:55 AM - 8:15 AM)

8:15 AM → 9:00 AM Plenary: Mykhaylo Filipenko | Siemens AG

Conveners: Timothy Haugan (U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory), Sonja Schlachter (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ITEP)

8:15 AM M2PL-01: Electric and Hybrid-Electric Aircraft: A Pragmatic View

The number of flights is growing each year by 5% and consequently its environmental footprint. Be it CO2-, NOx or noise emissions - the aviation industry is dedicated to hunt the demons of its own success and bring down them down by roughly 80 % until 2050. One broadly communicated and advocated way to achieve these goals is by means of electric and hybrid-electric propulsion. Without doubt, replacing conventional drive trains with electric ones can help to reduce local emissions and overall energy consumption in aviation just as in other applications. However, largely due to the large hype around this technology and a 1-to-1 analogy transfer from the automotive industry, there are several misconceptions around it. In my presentation I will address major points, present challenges connected to those and how to give an outlook on further solutions. The potential impacts of superconductivity and cryogenics will be discussed.

Speaker: Dr Mykhaylo Filipenko (Siemens AG)

20190708_CECICMC_2019_plenary_talk_filipenko_pub.pdf

9:00 AM → 10:00 AM Morning Break (during Poster Session)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1A - Applications: Safety and Instrumentation II

Conveners: Scott Courts (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.), Robert Duckworth (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

9:00 AM C2Po1A-01 [24]: Effect of mass flow rate on gas propagation after vacuum break in a liquid helium cooled tube.

Vacuum break in particle accelerators is a major concern due to risks associated with personnel and extensive equipment damage. Continuing research in our lab focuses on the sudden loss of vacuum in the liquid helium cooled beam-line tubes of superconducting particle accelerators. In our previous research, we studied nitrogen gas propagation in a uniform tube system immersed in both normal helium (He I) and superfluid helium (He II). It was observed that He II has a stronger effect in slowing down the gas propagation compared to He I, but this effect was identified as largely due to the variation of the point where condensation and deposition of the nitrogen gas on the tube inner wall begins (Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 129, 1144 (2019)). Here, we discuss our modifications to the tube system that now allow us to accurately control the starting location of gas condensation in both the He I and He II experiments. Systematic studies of gas propagation have been conducted using this new tube system by varying the nitrogen mass flow rate at the tube inlet. Data obtained from these studies are used to expand our current gas propagation theoretical model and for extracting the gas sticking coefficient in the continuum flow region.

Speaker: Nathaniel Garceau (National Magnetic Field Labortory - FSU)

2019 CEC - Vacuum Break Poster.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1A-02 [23]: Faliure modes, effects and criticality analysis of a 3kW@4.5K helium refrigerator

The comprehensive research facility for key systems of fusion reactors was included in the “13th Five-Year Plan” priority project in China. In order to meet the requirements of cryogenic testing of the large superconducting magnets, it is proposed to build a 3kW@4.5K refrigerator and carry out research on 3kW@4.5K helium cryogenic system. To evaluate the reliability of the 3kW refrigerator, the faliure modes, effects and criticality analysis(FMECA) was performed on the helium refrigerator. The refrigerator system is divided into three subsystems: the compressor system, the oil-removal system and the cold box, to identify the failure modes and the impact on the refrigerator system related functions. Calculating the critical value based on the product of the severity and the occurrence and plotting the risk matrix to find the components with high risk and medium risk. In the end, the corresponding risk mitigation action will be proposed to reduce the high-risk components in the refrigerator.

Speaker: Ms Yiwen Zong (Heifei insititues of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences)

9:00 AM C2Po1A-03 [22]: Experimental Study on Response of Split Stirling cooler to Mechanical Conditions under Non-rigid Contact Conditions

In mechanical experiments, the stirling cooler is often rigidly contacted with the fixture, and mechanical condition applied on the cooler is the same as that generated by the shaking table. In some special cases, flexible design is needed between the cooler and the fixture, and the relative position between them will change during the vibration process. Then, the mechanical condition on the cooler is quite different from that generated by the shaking table. In order to obtain the response of the cooler to mechanical condition under non-rigid contact conditions, a split Stirling cooler is selected in this paper. A gap is designed between the cooler and the fixture. The response of the cooler to different mechanical conditions is tested, and the response spectrum is obtained. This study is helpful to further understand the response characteristics of split stirling coolers to mechanical conditions, and also has certain reference value for the application expansion of stirling coolers.

Speaker: Zheng Wang (Institute of Cryogenics and Electronics)

9:00 AM C2Po1A-04 [21]: Analysis of freezing risk during LNG evaporation process

Liquid natural gas (LNG) boiling process concerns majority of LNG applications because of a need of its regasification. Depending on pressure an equilibrium temperature of LNG is 112-160K. The low boiling temperature of LNG makes the vaporisation process complicated. An important risk of the regasification is related to a possibility of a solid phase formation (freezing of a heating fluid). For a range of important applications the heating fluid is water or water-glycol mixture, characterized by freezing temperature considerably higher than the boiling temperature of LNG. The solid phase formation can lead to an increase of hydraulic pressures losses, deterioration of the heat transfer or even to the destruction of a heat exchanger and any accompanying device. It motivates a need for better understanding and control of a heat transfer related to the regasification to avoid the solid phase formation. The overall heat transfer intensity is a function of: boiling regime of LNG, a wall conduction and a heating fluid convection. The most important one, from the point of view of the freezing risk, is related to the LNG boiling regime. It depends strictly on temperature difference between the boiling LNG and the heating fluid. A typical boiling curve of a liquid gas varies greatly with a temperature difference. The current work analyses a LNG regasification process in a function of a number of parameters, including the LNG boiling regime. It shows that the boiling process of LNG is a main factor of the freezing risk and need to be controlled.

Speakers: Ziemowit Malecha (Wroclaw University of Science and Technology), Mr Arkadiusz Brenk (Wroclaw University of Science and Technology)

C2Po1A-04 - Analysis of freezing risk during LNG evaporation process.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1A-06 [20]: Design optimization and Calibration of a void fraction measurement capacitance sensor for LN2 flow

Cryogenic fluids are used for wide range of industrial and laboratory applications. Vacuum or supper-insulated transfer lines are efficiently used to transfer these fluids from the storage Dewars to the end applications. As the heat transfer to the cryogens flowing through the transfer line cannot be completely eliminated, many a times two-phase flow occurs during the transfer process. It is necessary to estimate the quality of the flow (void fraction) and the amount of cryogen being evaporated in the transfer process. Many techniques are available to measure the void fraction, but implementing these techniques to cryogenic fluid flow is sometimes difficult and expensive. Capacitance measurement technique is one of the easy and simple methods to find the liquid level and void fraction. Towards this, an attempt has been made to design capacitance based void fraction measurement sensors for cryogenic applications. Most of the capacitance sensors are made with inner glass tube, which needs special attention in handling the device and also sometimes it is difficult to make end connections for the glass tubes. The present work deals with design optimization of Hylam(TM) and fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) inner tube concave plate capacitance sensor and it’s calibration with the help of capacitive based triple redundant level sensor for cryogenic fluids. 3-D modelling and thermo structural analysis of the developed sensor has been carried out in ANSYS workbench and electrostatic analysis has been carried out using ANSYS Maxwell software. The results obtained by the analysis have been validated with experimental results.

Speaker: Mr Nagendra H.N. (Indian Institute of Science)

Nagendra_CEC-ICMC2019_Poster.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1A-07 [19]: The FlexCryo : a new flexible solution for temperature control and temperature measurement down to 50 mK

The so-called FlexCryo is a new integrated instrumentation developed by CEA/DSBT and dedicated to cryogenic applications.
It can measure temperatures down to 50 mK using a lock-in amplifier and drive heaters from microwatts to watt.
This flexible solution is based on a 19 inch rack featuring a processor card and five slots.
Currently these slots can accept three types of cards following:
- The new ULTM50 electronic card, featuring four channels dedicacted to the measurements of temperatures down to 50 mK.
- The CABTR offering eight channels to measure temperatures above 1 K.
- The new MCSubK electronic card featuring ten channels, each able to drive in a four wires configuration, heaters from 1W down to 1µW for temperature control.

A first FlexCryo has been recently assembled. It comprises 20 temperature channels (4 subK and 16 above 1 K) and 10 heaters. All cards are controlled using a Zynq “system on chip” (with ARM processor) and the FlexCryo features a touch screen, bluetooth and WIFI capabilities. It can also be connected directly to a laptop for laboratory use or to a programmable logic controller for industrial use. Details on the performance and on the specific software will be presented.

Speaker: Anthony Attard (CEA)

CEC2019_FlexCryo_ATTARD.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1B - Applications: Visualization and Instrumentation

Conveners: Ziemowit Malecha (Wroclaw University of Technology), Al Zeller (NHMFL, FSU)

9:00 AM C2Po1B-04 [17]: Thermal Acoustic Oscillations: Short Review and Countermeasures

Stable operation of helium cryogenic system and low heat loads are of paramount importance. In order to achieve the required pressure stability and heat loads, all sources of possible disturbances have to be eliminated at the design phase and latest during the commissioning activities. One of such disturbances is thermally driven oscillations (TAO), which could occur when a local heat source is presented or continuous transition from cold to warm temperatures exists. Unfortunately, theoretical background of TAO for helium systems, originally developed by Nikolaus Rott, is relative complicated for practical implementations, and also contains ideal conditions, like smooth tube without frictional contribution to flow. Moreover, TAO occurrence has a statistical character, so in some properly designed systems, these oscillations could also occur and countermeasures must be taken. In the open literature sources, TAO are extensively measured, though thorough result comparisons would be helpful. Additionally, the systematic discussion of all countermeasures is still missing. In the present paper, a short review on available theoretical and experimental results related to the TAOs is given. Several practical tips for the designing as well as review on countermeasures during cryogenic system operation are presented.

Speaker: Dr Sergiy Putselyk (FHR)

9:00 AM C2Po1B-05 [16]: Non-standard Valves for Helium Cryogenics: from Specification till Installation and Commissioning

Cryogenic valves are indispensable components for the reliable operation and controlling of cryogenic facilities. The key controlling components are cryogenic valves, which are used to regulate the flow of cryogenic fluids or to liquefy gases. Helium cryogenics typically has additional requirements, for example, very low heat loads, high leakage tightness, etc, which leads to specialized solutions like valves with long (stem) length, thin wall thicknesses, bellows for leakage tightness, high manufacturing tolerances. In some cases, very specialized valves are required, e.g. regulation and safety (for helium gas release after superconducting magnet quench), extra-long stems, etc. The present paper gives some comments and notes from practical experience on specification, installation and commissioning of cryogenic valves and Johnston couplings. Non-standard valves with specialized options, which could be helpful for special application areas, are discussed in details. Present trend in cryogenic valve developments as well as future possible valve improvements are also outlined.

Speaker: Dr Sergiy Putselyk (FHR)

9:00 AM C2Po1B-06 [15]: Crystal growth of CO2 at low temperatures: experimental observation and empirical approach

Carbon dioxide (CO2) cryogenic desublimation separation is an emerging contamination-free carbon capture method. Solid CO2 as an important industrial product is widely used in many fields. So far, there have been few investigations focusing on the detailed desublimation characteristics of CO2 due to the difficulty of visual experiments under low temperatures and the challenge of controlling the growth of solid CO2 accurately and collecting it easily. In this study, the core part of the experimental set-up is a visual tube-in-tube counterflow heat exchanger consisting of a Pyrex glass tube with a larger diameter and a stainless steel tube with a smaller diameter. The CO2 nucleation and crystal growth occurs on the precooled outer surface of the inner tube, and the process is recorded by a camera. According to classical nucleation theories and experiments, an empirical formula for the two-dimensional nucleation rate of CO2 is established. In contrast to the nucleation process in solution, here the flow rate is considered in addition to the supersaturation state and growth temperature. The single crystal morphology of carbon dioxide has been explored for the first time. Under different growth conditions, crystal growth shows four different forms, ice layer with smooth surface and edges, ice layer with branches, dendrite snowflakes and uniformly covering crystals. The thermodynamic mechanisms are analyzed and the distribution pattern of CO2 crystal growth is obtained. Low temperature and high concentration are the main driving forces for the growth of the dendrite branches, since on the gas-solid interface, the part which extends into the supersaturated gas grows and dissipates the latent heat faster than other places. It is beneficial to study the crystal growth morphology of CO2 to control the growth of CO2 solid accurately, understand the properties of CO2 solid, then develop CO2 desublimation capture technology and promote its application.

Key Words：CO2 desublimation; visual experiment; nucleation; morphology of CO2 crystal.

Speaker: Ms Yaning Wang (Zhejiang University)

9:00 AM C2Po1B-07 [14]: Development of a cryogenic device for peeling fruits

A novel fruit peeling method based on cryogenic treatment is proposed. And a corresponding cryogenic equipment has been developed. The principle of cryogenic peeling is that the expansion coefficient of fruit and peel is different at low temperature. Compared with the conventional chemical peeling methods, cryogenic treatment peeling is a treatment method that does not contaminate foods. For the developed cryogenic device, the walnut is treated with a lowest temperature of 80 K and a daily throughput of 10 tons. This paper will introduce the treatment process, cooling/rewarming method and corresponding experimental results of the developed cryogenic treatment equipment.

Speaker: Prof. Junjie Wang (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1C - Aerospace Cryocooler II

Conveners: Susan Breon (NASA), Sangkwon Jeong (KAIST)

9:00 AM C2Po1C-01 [13]: Research on the flow resistance of the J-T orifice of space 4K hybrid J-T cooler

Hybrid J-T cooler has been the most commonly used 4K cryocooler in space detectors. Although resistance of the J-T valve deeply affects the performance of the J-T cooler, few researches have been down especially on the J-T orifice. Because the J-T process is quite complicate, the dimensionless resistance coefficient is defined and deduced using dimensional analysis method to evaluate the pressure drop of the J-T orifice. Then, experimental research is carried out and a series of J-T orifices are experimentally tested. Then, the experimental correlation equations of the resistance coefficient at 4.2K are achieved based on the results of dimensional analysis and experiments.

Speaker: Prof. Houlei Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

9:00 AM C2Po1C-02 [12]: Impact of the cold regenerator meshes geometry on low temperature PT performances

Future astrophysics missions such as SPICA, Athena or LiteBird will need a cooling down below 1 K (until 50 mK) to achieve the detectors required sensibility. To address such requirements, cooling chains are build coupling several technologies using intermediate temperatures cooling.
A high cooling power at 15 K is then essential, so the CEA-SBT designed a Pulse Tube cooler system providing more than 500 mW at 15 K. This PT cooler consists of a heat intercepted single-stage cold finger which, for lab test purpose, is pre-cooled by a Gifford McMahon cryocooler. Its geometry is based on an engineering model which has been tested and qualified, and is being advanced in a separate ESA program involving also our industrial partners Air Liquide AT and Thales Cryogenics BV.
Many studies focus on these regenerators materials, in particular for the cold part which is critical to the PT performances. To complement such investigations, we chose here to keep standard material (stainless steel meshes) and study the influence of the cold regenerator meshes geometry on the operation of the cold finger. The wires diameter is there varying, what modifies the porosity, the dead volume and the heat surface exchange of the cold part.
Experimental results on different meshes designs are presented here and analyzed. The influence of the meshes geometry on the pressure loss, the parasitic heat losses and the performances are then discussed.
This study, together with material regenerator study, will give valuable inputs to improve 15 K cold finger performances.

Speaker: Dr Diane Dherbecourt (CEA Grenoble)

19_CEC_Dherbecourt.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1C-03 [11]: Sensitivity analysis on miniaturize pulse tube boundary layer losses

Miniaturized cryocooler systems are among the key components of state-of-art infrared sensing small satellites (SmallSats). To achieve small size, these cryocoolers need to operate at high frequencies, e.g., 200 to 300 Hz range. High frequency leads to lower compression and expansion swept volumes and hence a smaller cryocooler. Previously we showed that pulse tube cryocoolers have high boundary layer losses for small size pulse tube diameters, which results in low thermodynamic efficiency. In this follow-up study we present a sensitivity analysis on the pulse tube boundary layer losses which investigate the effects of the bounding temperatures, pulse tube aspect ratio, operating frequency and pulse tube diameter. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used for this sensitivity analysis. The results allow us to find the threshold conditions beyond which a miniature pulse tube cryocooler can no longer be effective for use at high frequencies.

Speaker: Ali Ghavami (Georgia Tech)

Poster_AliGhavami_Sensitivity analysis on miniaturize pulse tube boundary layer losses.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1C-05 [10]: Development of the single-stage regenerative cryocooler for space applications in SITP, CAS

Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has been engaging in the development of space long-life cryocooler for over 30 years. The three typical cryocooler (pneumatic Stirling cooler, Stirling cooler and pulse tube cooler) were all developed simultaneously. In 2002, a self-developed pneumatic Stirling cryocooler operated in orbit successfully in China for the first time. This paper reviews the performances and the applications of the mature long-life cryocooler at SITP. A 45 K dual-drive Stirling cryocooler, a 80 K pneumatic Stirling cryocooler (total weight 900 g) and several inertance pulse tube cryocoolers (170 K, 90 K, 60 K, 40 K, 30 K) are introduced in detail. The reliability and high efficiency of SITP's space long-life cryocoolers (all three types) have been verified in the space applications. Some researches on the large cooling capacity, the size miniaturization, and the deep low temperature mechanical cryocoolers at SITP are also mentioned. The developed and developing cryocoolers can meet the cryogenic requirement of China’s current and future space applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Projects (No. 51806231), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 18ZR1445600) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M630476).

Speaker: Dr Shaoshuai Liu (Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science)

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1D - Stirling-Type Pulse Tube Coolers

Conveners: Limin Qiu (Zhejiang University), Alphons de Waele (Oswald Elektromotoren)

9:00 AM C2Po1D-01 [09]: Development of Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler

This paper presents the design and performance test of a single stage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler operating at 80 K using a moving magnet type linear compressor. We designed the compressor with the input capability of 100 W at the operating frequency of 50 Hz. A pulse tube cold finger with a double segmented inertance tube was designed for the cooling capacity of over 1.5 W at 80 K. The coiled inertance tube was assembled inside the reservoir. Cooler drive electronic using 28 Vdc control the linear compressor with input power of up to 120 W. In experiment, the pulse tube cryocooler cool from ambient temperature to 80 K in less than 10 minutes. The pulse tube cryocooler is capable of providing the cooling capacity of 2.0 W at 80 K with power consumption of 100 W. The cooling capacity increases from 0 W to 2 W with the power consumption changing from 25 W to 100 W. Thermal vacuum, random and sinusoidal vibration tests have been conducted to evaluate their performance characteristics and structural integrity.

Speaker: Dr Yong-Ju Hong (Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials)

C2Po2D-01-Poster(2019).pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1D-02 [08]: Experimental study on a 20W/80K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler

The cryocoolers working around the liquid nitrogen temperature have important applications in high temperature superconducting, infrared detectors and gas liquefaction. Meanwhile, high frequency pulse tube cryocoolers have attracted the attention of scholars due to low vibration, compactness and high reliability. This paper developed an 20W/80K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler with inertance tube and gas reservoir as the phase shifter. The effects of operating parameters, such as working frequency and charging pressure, on the cooling performance will be presented. Some improvement measures will be explored by numerical simulation to further enhance the cooling performance.

Speakers: Liubiao Chen (Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS), Prof. Junjie Wang (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

Liu Xuming 1.jpg

9:00 AM C2Po1D-04 [07]: Design of a two-stage gas-coupled high-frequency multi-bypass pulse tube cryocooler working around 4 K

High-frequency pulse tube cryocooler is difficult to obtain lower cooling temperature: to obtain the liquid helium temperature, three-stage or four-stage structure by thermal coupling are currently used. In order to further improve the compactness, a two-stage gas-coupled high-frequency multi-bypass coaxial pulse tube cryocooler has been designed. The simulation results indicate that the designed cryocooler can provide a cooling capacity of 20mW@4.2K with 370W input electrical work. The interaction between structural parameters and operating conditions, as well as some preliminary test results will be presented in this paper.

Speakers: Liubiao Chen (Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS), Prof. Junjie Wang (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

Liu Xuming 2.jpg

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1E - Medical and Biological Applications

Conveners: Kathleen Amm (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Marcel ter Brake (University of Twente, The Netherlands)

9:00 AM C2Po1E-01 [25]: Oxygen Storage Module for Closed-Circuit Respirators using Physisorption Technology

The new Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (CFC) technology employs nano-porous aerogel composites to store large quantities of fluid molecules in a physisorbed solid-state condition at moderate pressures and cryogenic temperatures. By its design architecture, a CFC device can be “charged” and “discharged” quickly and on-demand according to standby/usage requirements. One of three main application areas is the CFC-Life for breathing air or oxygen supply to meet new demands in life support systems. Through the LOXSM Project the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and Cryogenics Test Laboratory have partnered to test the feasibility of applying the CFC technology to Closed-Circuit Escape Respirators (CCER), or respirators operating on the closed-circuit principle in general. The envisioned Cryogenic Oxygen Storage Module (COSM) is an innovative concept to store oxygen in solid-state form, according to physisorption processes at any cryogenic temperature, and deliver it as a gas using the CFC as the core storage element. Gaseous oxygen would be admitted into the breathing loop of the CCER by introducing heat into the storage module. Potentially replacing the gaseous or chemical based oxygen supply used in today’s closed-circuit respirators, the COSM is a high capacity, form-fitting, small-size solution for future life support equipment of all kinds. In particular are the CCER devices that must to be carried on the person, ready to be quickly deployed and used for escape in an emergency. Initial test data for physisorption of oxygen in aerogel materials and CFC core modules are presented. The basic operational parameters for charging and discharging are summarized through prototype testing of the cryogenic oxygen storage module.

Speaker: Adam Swanger (NASA Kennedy Space Center)

2019 CEC Hartford - CFC O2 Respirator poster 24Jun2019.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1E-02 [26]: Development of Zero Boil-off Cooling Systems for Superconducting Self-shielded Meg

A mobile Magneto encephalography (MEG) of Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI) uses a high temperature superconducting magnetic shield, Superconductor-Normal-metal-Superconductor (SNS) type Superconducting Quantum Interface Device (SQUID) sensors, and they are cooled by a zero boil-off cooling system. The zero boil-off cooling system consists of a circulating cooled helium gas system for cooling the high temperature superconducting magnetic shield below temperature 90 K and a helium recovery system for cooling the SNS type SQUID sensors to liquid helium temperature. The zero boil-off cooling system are designed to allow measurement in an operating state, allowing arbitrarily long usage. We succeeded first measurement of neuron current in brain by using SHI’s MEG with Helium zero-boil off cooling system at April, 2018. This paper describes overview of SHI’s MEG, the thermal design of the zero boil-off cooling system for our MEG and the results of cooling performance test.

Speaker: Dr Katsuhiro Narasaki (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd)

SHI_MEG_CEC_PR_3.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1E-03 [27]: A 3T MRI magnet based on MgB2 strand for cryogen free operation – magnetic, mechanical and thermal FEM modeling

We performed magnetic, mechanical, and thermal modeling of a 3T, actively shielded, conduction-cooled, whole-body MRI magnet. The design had a magnet length and conductor length comparable to NbTi helium-bath-cooled, 3 T designs. The design had a magnetic field homogeneity better than 10 ppm within a DSV of 49 cm. A new class of MgB2 strand especially designed for MRI applications was considered as a possible candidate for winding such a magnet. The magnet design was a segmented coil type optimized to minimize conductor length while hitting the standard field quality and DSV specifications as well as a standard, compact size 3 T system. Unlike the frequently used Helmholtz-like coil pair design (even number of coils, typically 8 or 10 coils in total) we used a Maxwell-like configuration (an odd number of coils, containing 9 coils in total). This Maxwell-like coil design is advantageous for a number of reasons, in particular because it can allow a higher inner winding diameter in the central part of the MRI magnet. Gaining an extra space in central part of MRI magnets is extremely advantageous because this is the space needed for placing other parts of MRI systems such as, e.g. RF coils, detection coils, shimming coils etc. The total winding length is 1.37 m, and the total conductor length is 109.3 km. The operational current is 287 A, and based on a 4.2 K Ic = 383 A, this gives I/Ic = 0.75. Maximum strain in the winding was less than 0.4 % (wire strain tolerance). The magnet can be cooled down to 4.2 K using 2 cryocoolers. This work represents the first magnetic design for a whole-body 3 T MgB2-based MRI magnet for a short (1.37 m length) magnet which uses the performance parameters of existing MgB2 wire. This result represents a strong step towards a viable 3 T, whole body, conduction cooled MRI based on MgB2 conductor.

Speaker: Milan Majoros (The Ohio State University)

9:00 AM C2Po1E-04 [28]: The Modeling and Design of an MRI-Compatible Heat Exchanger for a Cryosurgical Probe

Cryo-ablation is a breast cancer treatment method that utilizes a small probe in precise locations within the body to freeze and destroy unwanted cancer tissue. Recently there has been a growing interest in combining cryo-ablation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The challenge of combining these two technologies is that MRI devices require the absence of metals, and traditional heat exchangers used in cryoprobes are typically composed of thermally conductive metals that tend to disrupt the magnetic field produced by an MRI, impairing its functionality. Subsequently, it becomes of interest to develop a heat exchanger composed of thermally conductive MRI-compatible materials. Furthermore, this can now be accomplished with additive manufacturing, utilizing thermally conductive ceramics such as zirconium or silicon. This report presents the results of a thermal modeling effort to characterize and design a non-metallic Joule-Thomson cryoprobe for cryo-ablation. The model is comprised of a Joule-Thomson valve, as well as a discretized recuperative heat exchanger that includes the effects of axial conduction, pressure drop, and fluid properties for single components and mixtures. The operating temperature for this device is 150 K, which is a viable temperature for cryo-ablation while also adhering to size constraints.

Speaker: Logan Kossel (University of Wisconsin - Madison)

CECPoster-KosselPfotenhauerHarter.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1E-05 [29]: Experimental measurement on the thermal conductivity and specific heat of sea-fish below -40℃

In order to further maintain the quality of sea-fish after harvest, it is necessary to figure out the heat transfer law during its cryogenic freezing and cryopreservation process (below -40℃). There is little literature to discuss thermo-physical properties of food in cryogenic temperature. In this paper, the thermo-physical properties of sea-fish were measured experimentally. A special cold head of pulse tube cooler was designed to measure the thermal conductivity of sea-fish. Then the specific heat was measured through a cryogenic differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). According to the properties of different fishes in sea, the functional relationship between thermal conductivity or specific heat and temperature is put forwarded respectively.

Speaker: Dr Liubiao Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

9:00 AM C2Po1E-06 [30]: Numerical and experimental study on the cryogenic freezing process of the Golden Pomfret

Golden Pomfret is tender, delicious and rich in nutrition, but is also apt to deteriorate. Cryogenic quick freezing technology is applied to offer a fast freezing rate to maintain the quality of Golden Pomfret. The freezing rate depends on the freezing process temperature and gas flow rate in the cryogenic freezer. In order to achieve a sufficiently high freezing rate, numerical calculation was utilized to analyze the heat transfer principle of different Golden Pomfret freezing processes. Then the effects of different freezing rates on the freezing quality of the thawed Golden Pomfret were compared, such as K-value, TBA, volatile basic nitrogen, texture, high iron Myoglobin, color and total plate count. Finally, the best freezing process and corresponding freezing rate were obtained for maintenance of the quality of the Golden Pomfret.

Speaker: Dr Liubiao Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

Zhao Yuanheng-poster-C2Po1E-06.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1F - Heat Transfer

Conveners: Ali Kashani (Atlas Scientific), Bryant Mueller (University of Wisconsin - Madison)

9:00 AM C2Po1F-02 [32]: Entropy analysis of support systems in multi-channel cryogenic lines

This work describes the methods for transporting cryogens through single- or multichannel pipelines. It also presents examples of the use of cryogenic lines and of their designs, referring in detail to typical structural nodes found in cryogenic pipelines. The second principle of dynamics and the Gouy-Stodola theorem are discussed from the perspective of their application in optimizing and evaluating heat and mass transfer devices. The next part of the work presents the internal structure of the selected 100 m multi-channel cryogenic pipeline. Several variants of the method of supporting process pipes have been presented. For each of the solutions, an entropy analysis was carried out in order to select the best design in terms of the entropy generated in the process pipes.

Speaker: Dr Paweł Duda (Wroclaw University of Science and Technology)

C2Po1F-02_Poster_Duda.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1F-03 [33]: Effect of Solid Surface in Vicinity of Multi-bubble Array in Cryogenic Environment

Multiple bubble interaction in initially quiescent liquid, under certain conditions, is accompanied by the generation of jets, shockwaves, and light. At cryogenic temperature (< 123 K) when certain materials become brittle, such afore-mentioned physical effects can be effective in disintegrating them to smaller fragments under controlled erosion. The spatial and temporal-scales of such bubble-interaction being very small, it is very difficult to examine the flow-physics experimentally. But, CFD techniques based on Direct numerical simulations can help to precisely understand this phenomenon that may benefit nanotechnology-based industries and industries working with air-gun arrays.
In this paper, multiple bubble-pairs are simulated in a co-centric manner such that high-speed jets are triggered from each such pair towards a central location. A solid target (5 mm radius) is also modeled at that location and its effect on the impact velocity and pressure shockwaves are recorded in cryogenic fluid combination. VOF method is used for the numerical simulations in a compressible domain by neglecting the effect of phase change and gravity. The stand-off distance between the solid target and bubble-pairs are varied systematically as well as the number of bubble-pairs to an extent.
The numerical results are validated against suitable literature and the erosive effects are identified from the temporal development of the bubble interaction. This includes shockwave due to initial bubble expansion, impulsive hammering by high-speed jet followed immediately by pronounced lateral shear. Initial calculations suggest that jet speed gets effectively enhanced by placing a solid surface in the vicinity of multi-bubble array compared to the case where the target is absent.

Speakers: Mr Joydip Mondal (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur), Arpit Mishra (Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India)

9:00 AM C2Po1F-04 [34]: Effect of Curved Rigid Surface on The Collapsing Cavitating Bubble in Cryogenic Environment

To study the dynamically changing interfacial structures due to the collapse of the cavitating bubble, and the mechanism whereby forces large enough to cause damage are brought to bear against a rigid wall is of great importance in the study of cavitation induced erosion, and, still somewhat obscure in cryogenic liquids. Study of individual collapsing bubbles and resulting microjet during the collapse is still a cornerstone to understand the erosive damage process. Though, the preliminary mechanism of cavitation induced erosion is not clear yet. The high impact pressure resulting from jet water hammer effect and collapsing shock waves has advantages in stone fragmentation, shock wave lithotripsy, but carry damage potential also and can erode the curved hydrofoil, and alter the blade profile of any turbo-machinery. Subsequently, once the material loses its surface smoothness, the flow-field surrounding the collapsing cavitating bubbles is affected by the newly formed irregular surface geometry. In this way, the bubble collapse is significantly influenced by the curvature of the rigid boundary.
Therefore, in this paper, a collapsing cavitating bubble near a curved rigid surface dipped in cryogenic fluid has been investigated numerically to illustrate the effect of different surface configurations (i.e. convex and concave) using volume-of-fluid (VOF) method in a compressible framework for a fixed standoff distance. Here, different jet characteristics, i.e. jet velocity, movement of the bubble centroid and shock effects etc. have been evaluated to quantify the damage, and the results obtained are compared with the room temperature fluid combination i.e. air-water.

Speaker: Mr Arpit Mishra (Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India)

9:00 AM C2Po1F-05 [35]: Effect of wall ribs on thermal stratification and self-pressurization in a liquid hydrogen tank

Storage of cryogenic propellants in rocket fuel tanks gives rise to an undesirable phenomenon called thermal stratification. Large temperature difference between the cryogen and ambient results in significant heat leakage into the tank. The liquid near the walls heat up and flow to the interface due to natural convection giving rise to an axial temperature gradient inside the tank. Maintaining the temperature of the stratified liquid below the cavitation limit of the cryopumps is challenging. Extensive studies, both theoretical and numerical, on the growth of thermally stratified layer in cryogenic liquid tanks is well documented. Heat transfer degradation in the vicinity of ribs has been observed for a case of natural convection flow of air over a heated ribbed plate. This phenomenon can be utilized in delaying the stratified layer growth and consequently, the self-pressurization rate. The protrusion of ribs induces turbulence which enhances mixing of the heated liquid in the vicinity of the wall with the cooler bulk liquid. The result is a delayed stratification, and lesser boil-off rate. A numerical model of a 50 % filled liquid hydrogen tank of height 1.0 m and diameter 0.5 m with rectangular ribs of 40 X 40 mm cross-section was developed to analyse the stratification rate. A reduction in self-pressurization rate was observed compared to the smooth walled case. Better performance of semi-circular ribs in delaying stratification over rectangular ribs has been reported. This seems counter intuitive if the problem is looked at through the prism of aerodynamics. Rectangular rib being a less aerodynamic bluff body in comparison to a semi-circular rib should induce more turbulence and consequently, better mixing. The effect of a variety of wall rib (present on the inner wall) cross-sections like rectangular, semi-circular and triangular on self-pressurization rate hence requires a deeper understanding. Numerical model of a 50 % filled smooth walled liquid nitrogen tank has been validated with experiment. The physics can be extended to the numerical models on liquid hydrogen.

Speaker: Mr Soumyajit Bhowmick (National Institute of Technology Calicut)

9:00 AM C2Po1F-06 [36]: A new heat transfer correlation for flow boiling of R50 in a horizontal tube

With the growing concern of environment problems, there are urgent demands for environment-friendly refrigerants in the refrigeration industry. As a natural refrigerant, Methane (R50) has zero ozone depletion potential and quite low global warming potential. What’s more, it is also the major cryogenic refrigerant of the Mixture Joule-Thomson Refrigeration cycle (MJTR). Therefore, accurate knowledge of two phase heat transfer of R50 is necessary for the nature gas liquefaction technologies, especially in LNG industry. In this paper, flow boiling heat transfer experimental data of R50 from several individual investigations were collected. Several classical flow boiling heat transfer correlations have been compared with the collected experimental data and each correlations were also evaluated. The results presented the best heat transfer correlation to predict the flow boiling heat transfer of R50. Finally, based on the analysis of mechanisms in heat transfer process, a new heat transfer correlation was proposed which could accurately predict the experimental data of R50.

Speaker: Dr Zhi-Qiang Yang (Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute)

9:00 AM C2Po1F-07 [37]: Transient conjugate heat transfer numerical simulation in superfluid helium

Computational simulations of superfluid helium are needed in order to improve the design of the cooling system of superconducting magnets in particle accelerators and to achieve a better understanding of the transient phenomena during magnet quenches. A conjugate heat transfer numerical model based on the C++ toolbox OpenFOAM is implemented to three-dimensional case studies involving superfluid helium and heating sources. The governing equations of the solver are modified according to the Kitamura's model, a simplified version of the two-fluid model developed by Khalatnikov which is based on the assumption that the thermo-mechanical effect term and the Gorter-Mellink mutual friction term prevail on the others in the superfluid component momentum equation. Simulations are performed with the thermal conductivity function of superfluid helium both from theory and the formulation used by Sato, who normalized the function according to a different heat exponential coefficient determined from data analysis. An empirical calculation of the Kapitza conductance is adopted in order to simulate the thermal resistance at the interface between helium and solids. Steady-state and transient simulations are compared to experimental data available in the literature. For such purpose, data are used from Van Sciver’s experiment in a helical coil and a rectangular channel experiment conducted at CEA Paris-Saclay. The experiments comprised heaters and multiple temperature probes situated at different locations to track the temperature distribution and evolution of the superfluid helium.

Speaker: Andrea Vitrano

CECICMC_2019_Vitrano.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1G - Sub-Atmospheric Refrigeration

Conveners: Jay Theilacker (Fermilab), John Weisend (European Spallation Source ESS AB)

9:00 AM C2Po1G-01 [38]: Investigation on Dry Vacuum Pumps Suitable for a 500 W@ 2K Helium Refrigerator at TIPC

In this paper, a set of dry vacuum pumps suitable for a 500W @2K helium refrigerator were investigated. Process flow diagram and the control strategies of a set of dry vacuum pumps were designed. The Experiments including the mass flow rate and pressure ratio of a set of dry vacuum pumps with the air and helium gas were tested. The input pressure of 40 kPa and output pressure of 1.05~1.1 bara could be acquired and the maximal mass flow rate was up to 28 g/s. This set of dry vacuum pumps can satisfy the boundary conditions of 500W @2K helium refrigerator.

Speaker: Dr Shaoqi Yang (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences))

9:00 AM C2Po1G-02 [39]: The construction of 3.8K sub-cooling system for the KSTAR ancillary system

The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) has been operated for the basic research of fusion energy and its 11th campaign was performed in 2018. It was necessary to construct new cryogenic facility in order to operate the KSTAR ancillary system for the advancement of KSTAR plasma performance. The KSTAR Upgraded HElium supply System (UHES) was constructed in 2016 which is composed of the helium liquefier with the capacity of 1kW@4.5K and the new distribution box which is called DB#3. The KSTAR UHES supplies liquid helium to the cryo-panel of new neutral beam injection system (NBI-2), KSTAR in-vessel cryo-pump (CPI) and hydrogen pellet fueling system since then. In order to achieve higher pumping performance of the NBI-2 cryo-panel, the feed temperature of liquid helium from the UHES should be lower to 3.8K.
The basic study of 3.8K liquid helium circulation loop was completed in 2016 and the requirement of 3.8K sub-cooling system was established which is consisting of a built-in liquid helium reservoir, helium sub-cooling system and a cold compressor with the specification of 20 g/s and pressure ratio 1.67. The cold compressor was manufactured by ATEKO a.s. in Czech Republic and its mechanical testing was completed at the ambient temperature 2018. The installation work is in progress and the commissioning will be performed in 2019. The UHES is expected to supply 3.8K cryogen to the KSTAR NBI-2, CPI and PIS from the 12th KSTAR campaign.
This paper will present the basic study result of 3.8 K sub-cooling LHe circuit, cold compressor manufacturing and its testing result. Also, the latest progress of cold compressor commissioning will be described.

Speaker: Dr Dong-Seong Park (National Fusion Research Institute)

9:00 AM C2Po1G-04 [41]: JLab Chl1 2K Cold Box Replacement

There is growing evidence showing that the cold compressors in the Modified Sub-atmospheric Cold Box (SC1/SCM) of the JLab Central Helium Liquefier (CHL) are approaching the end of their life. Their replacement parts are no longer available due to obsolescence, thus placing the Physics program at serious risk. A new sub-atmospheric cold box (SC1R), which hosts five technologically superior, water-cooled cold compressors and a similar 4K-2K refrigeration recovery heat exchanger, was funded in July 2017, to replace the existing 2K cold box. The design of the new 2K cold box and the external support system have been completed allowing the project to enter the fabrication and assembly phase, which will be completed here at JLab. We present the design, fabrication, installation and commissioning schedule of the new 2K cold box.

Speaker: Mrs Shirley Yang (Jefferson Lab)

CEC_ICMC_yang_2019_final.pptx

9:00 AM C2Po1G-05 [42]: Commissioning Plan for LCLS II 2K Cold Box

Commissioning of the LCLS II cryogenic plant has been planned with respect to electrical and mechanical systems checkout, equipment cleanup, cool-down, and individual performance evaluation. This plant consists of warm and cold storage, helium compressors, 4.5 K and 2 K cold boxes, and all auxiliaries typical for helium refrigeration processes. The 2 K cold box, consisting of five cold compressors in series to produce the flow and pressures necessary for 2K operation , will be the last equipment installed and, along with an additional 10,000 L helium Dewar, will allow the entire plant to be commissioned as a single entity. The pre-commissioning stages, commissioning plan for 2 K cold box without connecting to the LCLS II LINAC, additional test equipment needed to simulate the loads, all process studies and associated controls are described herein.

Speaker: Ritendra Bhattacharya (Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility)

C2Po1G-05 [42] LCLS II CC Commissioning Plan - Final v1.pdf

9:00 AM → 11:00 AM C2Po1H - Hydrogen and Neon Refrigeration

Conveners: Carl Bunge (Washington State University), Jacob Leachman (Washington State University)

9:00 AM C2Po1H-01 [43]: Thermodynamic and economic aspects of the Nelium Turbo-Brayton refrigerator development for the FCC-hh

Within the conceptual design study for the Future Circular Hadron Collider (FCC-hh) it was shown, that a large part of the total cryogenic heat load falls into the 40 to 60 K temperature level. Thus, additional cryogenic refrigerators for this temperature level are specified for each of the 10 foreseen cryoplants. Such cryogenic system was developed at the TU Dresden and is based on a Brayton cycle working with a neon-helium mixture as refrigerant and using multistage centrifugal compressors. The duty requirements comprise a 5.8 MW total heat load at 40 to 60 K for beam screens and shielding, additional 2.7 MW at 300 to 40 K for the pre-cooling of the Helium-cycle and a turndown ratio of up to 3.8. The optimisation of the referenced system was performed in order to obtain a high efficiency of the cryogenic cycle and tolerable costs for system components at the same time. An analysis of the mixture composition influence on the components and on the total gas mass was performed, including calculations for different operational modes. Restrictions for industrially existing hardware were taken into consideration. Updated cycle parameters are subsequently described.

Speaker: Steffen Kloeppel (TU Dresden)

Poster CEC TUD FINAL 2019.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1H-02 [44]: Dynamic simulation of a medium-sized hydrogen liquefier based on EcosimPro simulation software

A dynamic simulation of a medium-sized hydrogen liquefier has been proposed using process simulation software EcosimPro. A helium refrigerator with one turbine provides cooling power for this hydrogen liquefier. A dynamic simulation model based on Ecosimpro has been established according to the designed process flow. The pressure ratio of the helium compressor is 2/16 bar. The helium mass flow rate is 111 g/s. The hydrogen mass flow rate is 4.3 g/s. The liquefaction ratio of hydrogen is about 191 L/h. A control logic and control strategy for this hydrogen liquefier has been designed. The cooling down curves of the helium circuit and hydrogen circuit has been proposed. The trend of liquid level of hydrogen dewar is also simulated. Moreover, one hydrogen liquefier process flow which uses two helium turbines to provide cooling power has been also proposed.

Speaker: Dr Jing Li (the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry)

dynamic simulation C2Po1H-02 [44] 20190717 1.pdf

9:00 AM C2Po1H-03 [45]: Process analysis and optimization of 1000L/h medium-scale hydrogen liquefaction cycle

With the rapid development of world economics and increasing environmental problems caused by the harmful gaseous emissions, the low or zero emissions and frequently reused resources, renewable energies are regarded as sustainable replacements to fossil fuels. Hydrogen, as a kind of clean and efficient energy, would play a key role in future energy systems of the world and possible to become main chemical energy carriers. Among all the storage method of medium and large-scale hydrogen utilization, liquid hydrogen is regarded as one of the best storage methods in terms of highest energy storage density. In this paper, the detailed simulation and analysis of the process are carried out by using Aspen HYSYS for the preliminary design of 1000L/h hydrogen liquefaction process adopted liquid nitrogen precooling and helium gas turbine expansion refrigeration. The genetic algorithms are selected in the present paper for the multi-parameter optimization by considering the specific energy consumption as the objective function of the system parameters. The simulating results show that the specific energy consumption of the optimized system is 8.526 kWh/kgLH2, which is 2.53% lower than that prior to the process optimization and the exergy efficiency is 0.4497, which is 2.60% higher than that prior to the process optimization. Comparing the mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC) and the process of this paper, the results show that the specific energy consumptions (SEC) of the MRC is smaller, on the other hand, the process of this paper is more dominant in security.

Speaker: Yonglin Ju (Shanghai Jiao Tong University)

9:00 AM C2Po1H-04 [46]: Improvement of Cryogenic System for China Spallation Neutron Source

The commissioning of China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) cryogenic system was completed on July, 2017. It run 258 days totally until July, 2018, and the time of the longest continuous running is 184 days. CSNS passed national accept on August, 2018. Now it is running steady from September 19th. There is no any fault in the process of running. However, cryogenic system need to be improved in the near future. The flow of hydrogen cycle can't been controlled effectively. Cryogenic circulator working at same frequency, the flow is different. The pressure drop of ortho-para convertor is very high, and it maybe cause the this phenomenon. Therefore, ortho-para convertor need to be redesigned and manufacture, and the flow resistance must be measured. In future, the new ortho-para convertor need to be installed in hydrogen cold-box.

Speakers: Mr Bin Ye (China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS)), Mr Kun He (China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Dongguan Institute of Neutron Science (DINS))

9:00 AM C2Po1H-06 [48]: Thermodynamic Design of Hydrogen Liquefaction Systems to Utilize LNG Cold Energy

A thermodynamic study is carried out for the design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with pre-cooling to utilize the cold energy of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). As liquid nitrogen is commonly used as pre-cooler of hydrogen liquefaction, LNG is proposed as an alternative, since the need of liquid hydrogen and the import of LNG are simultaneously increasing in Korea. Two different liquefaction systems with LNG pre-cooling are considered, including standard hydrogen Claude cycle and He Brayton refrigeration cycle. He Brayton cycle is a good option for small-scale liquefaction of hydrogen to take advantage of simple and safe (low-pressure) operation. Rigorous cycle analysis is carried out with the thermodynamic properties of real fluids, and a process simulator (Aspen HYSYS) is used to calculate the FOM (figure of merit) of liquefaction. The optimal conditions are determined to maximize the overall thermodynamic performance for the purpose of utilizing the cold energy of LNG. Full details of optimized cycle are presented in terms of itemized irreversibility in each component, and the proposed cycle is compared with the existing liquefaction systems with liquid-nitrogen pre-cooling and without pre-cooling.

Speaker: Ho-Myung Chang (Hong Ik University)

9:30 AM → 10:45 AM M2Or1A - BSCCO - Conductors

Conveners: Timothy Haugan (U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory), Eric Hellstrom (ASC/NHMFL - Florida State University)

9:30 AM M2Or1A-01: Advances in Bi-2212 Processing, Coil Fabrication, and Testing for High-Field Magnets

Bi-2212 is a round-wire, high temperature superconductor that develops high Jc for high-field magnets when it is overpressure (OP) processed. Recent advances in Bi-2212 powder, wire fabrication, and OP heat treatment have improved the performance of the Bi-2212 wire. We are designing, winding, OP heat treating, and characterizing the performance of Bi-2212 coils and comparing their measured performance with predicted performance. We are doing extensive studies to understand and control stress/strain in Bi-2212 coils at high field. To improve the OP heat treatment of coils, we modelled heat flow in the OP furnace and used these results to modify the furnace to create a longer, more homogeneous hot zone. We have OP heat treated about 30 coils in this furnace including coils fabricated in house and coils for the wider Bi-2212 community. These include solenoid and racetrack and we will soon heat treat canted-cosine-theta coils. We are designing and building a new OP furnace with a larger hot zone (1 m long x 29 cm diam) that was sized to OP heat treat the next generation of coils for the Bi-2212 community.

Speaker: E.E. Hellstrom (Applied Superconductivity Center)

9:45 AM M2Or1A-02: Variation in strain sensitivity and microstructure as a function of overpressure processing conditions for Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 round wire

Significant increases in the current-carrying capacity (Ic) of Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 over the past several years has made this material a viable candidate for high-field magnets. However, the management of Ic degradation as a function of applied strain remains a challenge, as does the implementation of overpressure processing (OP) heat-treatment conditions for magnets. In this study, we investigated the strain sensitivity and microstructural bases for Ic degradation as a function of OP processing conditions for a Bruker OST strand. We have shown that higher OP pressures correlate with increased strain sensitivity in axial compression, a wider plateau of limited degradation in axial tension, and a steeper degradation in tension after the plateau. The compressive behavior can be understood in terms of the more consolidated filament structure at high OP pressures providing material continuums for longer crack-propagation paths, while in tension the reduced intrafilament surface area at high OP pressures limits the availability of sites for crack initiation. We discuss the implications of these results for both magnet and composite wire design.

Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, Grants DE-FG02-13ER42036, DE-SC0010690, and DE-SC0017657, and benefited from the Materials Science & Engineering Center at UW-Eau Claire. The work at the NHMFL is supported by the US DOE Office of High Energy Physics under grant number DE-SC0010421, by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under Award Number R21GM111302, and by the NHMFL, which is supported by NSF under Award Numbers DMR-1157490 and DMR-1644779, and by the State of Florida, and is amplified by the U.S. Magnet Development Program (MDP).

Speaker: Prof. Matthew C. Jewell (Materials Science Center, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire)

10:00 AM M2Or1A-03: Key Components Enabling the Strong A-axis Growth Grain Texture and Clean Grain Boundary Nanostructure in High Critical Current Density Bi-2212 Round Wires.

Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) is the only high temperature superconductor (HTS) available in the round wire form preferred by magnet builders. Recent advances in the processing have raised its critical current density (Jc) > 6500 A/mm2 at 4.2 K and 15 T, placing Bi-2212 at the forefront of candidates for future HTS high field magnets. The key microstructure for high Jc is a unique a-axis grown bi-axial texture that develops during the Bi-2212 re-solidification from the melt. Our previous study suggested that the geometrical confinement of narrow filament cavities plays the major role for the texture development.
Now that the routine over-pressure heat treatment (OPHT) explores clear Jc correlations to various resultant filament structures and types of precursor powder, it is important to understand how the grain texture develops in such various circumstances and how it correlates to the wire Jc.
By using Electron Backscatter Diffraction – Orientation Imaging Microscopy (EBSD-OIM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), we studied the key microstructural differences in the Bi-2212 round wires with the Jc that significantly vary by a multiple of 9 from the lowest to highest.
We found that the Bi-2212 RW with the highest Jc developed the very distinct microstructure compared with the other wires with lower Jc. The key difference is the grain length along the filament direction that differentiates the degree of biaxial texture, varying the grain boundary misorientations. STEM revealed Bi-2201 precipitation at the grain boundaries in some of low Jc wires. In the presentation, we will discuss the key components to derive such distinct microstructural differences.
We hope that understanding how these differences account for the Jc values will help us optimize our OPHT parameters towards making Bi-2212 RW the ideal candidate in the next generation of superconducting magnets.

Speaker: Temidayo Abiola Oloye (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)

10:15 AM M2Or1A-04: Predensification of Bi-2212 wires and its impact on critical current density

Achieving high Jc in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) round wire requires overpressure heat treatment (OPHT) to eliminate current-limiting bubbles. The OPHT has a maximum temperature of ~890 °C and is done with 50 bar overpressure with 1 bar oxygen partial pressure (PO2). During OPHT, the diameter of the Bi-2212 wire shrinks about 4%, with about 80% of this densification occurring during a 2 h hold at 820 °C before the Bi-2212 powder melts. As part of his PhD studies, Maxime Matras from our group investigated predensifying Bi-2212 round wire for 2 h at 820 °C at 50 bar overpressure with different PO2, followed by the full OPHT with 1 bar PO2. A surprising result of his study was that 0.2 bar PO2 predensification decreased the Jc of Ag-Mg sheathed wire by 32% while 5 bar predensification increased Jc by around 25%, compared to predensification using 1 bar PO2. However, this change in critical current is not universal and we could not reproduce the results in some of our new generation wires. We are investigating the underlying causes and how the processing parameters (time, temperature, and PO2) affect this significant increase in Jc to understand what causes Jc to increase in some wires but not in others that have the same nominal Bi-2212 composition. Irreversibility field and critical temperature measurements did not reveal any discernible difference, and scanning electron microscopy showed no microstructural differences between samples that were preoxygenated with different conditions and had different Jc. Our current thinking is that either changes in Bi-2212 stoichiometry or in grain orientation that’s responsible for differing Jc in differently heat treated wires. We will report on EDS analysis of wires with different Jc using TEM and also on Bi-2212 grain alignment of these wires studied with Electron Backscattered Diffraction.

Speaker: S Imam Hossain (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, FL 32310, USA)

10:30 AM M2Or1A-05: Development of low loss HTS 2212 wires and cables for ac and ramped field coils

It is well known from designs analysis and data, that much lighter weight, higher power density and more efficient motors and generators will be enabled by HTS provided it is developed in suitable forms, preferably operating at or above 40 K. Although DC rotors can be wound with HTS tapes, for example 2G, to generate the required 3 to 5 T fields, stators operate in AC mode albeit at lower fields, making it problematic to use tapes due to their high losses in ac fields, requiring instead, HTS as small cross-sectioned, fine-filament wires that are cabled into low-loss transposed forms. Due the challenges of attaining low AC loss with tapes, HTS usage for stators has not been an option. Recent advances however with our HTS 2212 conductor technology have now enabled development of first of their kind HTS wire and cables with loss reducing features specifically designed for HTS stators operating at 30 K or greater. As a first step, the feasibility of producing small diameter, high current density 2212 wires with features required for low ac loss, including non-merged, small sized filaments, short pitch length axial twist have been demonstrated, while also achieving required current densities at >30 K. These wires are already also being used in the development of prototype strong, low loss transposed cables. Test results demonstrate that our 2212 wires with unmerged filament and axially twist meet the minimum required Je's identified by compact motor design analysis.

Speaker: Dr Alexander Otto (Solid Material Solutions, LLC)

9:30 AM → 11:00 AM M2Or1B - Focus Series B: REBCO Flux Pinning I

Conveners: Mary Ann Sebastian (University of Dayton Research Institute), Judy Wu (University of Kansas)

9:30 AM M2Or1B-01 [Invited]: Comparative studies of vortex pinning and dynamics in superconductors

Superconducting vortex physics has been a topic of interest since the discovery of the oxide high temperature superconductors (HTS). Two driving forces are behind this interest, on the one hand the attractive new physics and on the other the pursuit of technological uses. The complex vortex phenomena in oxide HTS arise from the strong influence of thermal fluctuations, which is a consequence of the small superconducting coherence length ($\xi$) and the large crystalline anisotropy ($\gamma$). Paradoxically these fluctuations are the main obstacle for applications; moreover the problem is general and will also occur in any yet-to-be-discovered high T$_c$ superconductor. Although the rich vortex behavior in the oxides contrasts with the simpler physics in conventional low T$_c$ superconductors (LTS), there is no sharp boundary between them. However, modern vortex matter models have been developed to describe the oxide HTS, thus it is important to test them in different systems. Iron-based superconductors provide an opportunity to "bridge the gap" and check the validity of vortex models in a large new family of materials with broad ranges of T$_c$,$\xi$ and $\gamma$. Valuable information can also be obtained from MgB$_2$, NbSe$_2$, borocarbides and other LTS.

The overall goal of our research is to obtain a universal description of vortex matter in the presence of material inhomogeneities, applicable to all superconductors. Our approach is to compare and contrast systems with vastly different properties under a broad spectrum of conditions, including extreme ones. We also manipulate the vortex properties by nano-engineering the pinning landscape through the controlled introduction of disorder at the scale of $\xi$, utilizing second-phase inclusions, irradiations and doping. In this talk I will present examples of comparative vortex matter studies, with emphasis in our recent discovery of a universal lower limit for flux creep in superconductors.

Research supported by US DOE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering

Speaker: Boris Maiorov (Los Alamos National Laboratory)

10:00 AM M2Or1B-02 [Invited]: Flux pinning mechanism in angular dependent Jc of REBCO wire with artificial pinning centers

REBCO wires with artificial pinning centers (APCs) are known to have extremely high Jc at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. Although understanding of the behavior of Jc when tilting the applied magnetic field from the wire surface is still insufficient, information on the angular dependent Jc is very important in coil design. In current REBCO wires, nanorods are often used for APCs and it is necessary for the effective control of Jc to introduce linearly grown nanorods. But, it is known that increasing the film deposition rate to improve the production speed disrupts the well-controlled growth of the nanorod, and accordingly the Jc decreases. That is, when growing slowly, nanorods grow linearly, but in high-speed film deposition, nanorods tilt or break up, then, various variations occur in angular dependent Jc. In this study, when forming BHO-containing REBCO thin films, two types of samples with different film growth rates were prepared, and the angular dependence Jc of these samples were examined under 4-40 K and 3-25 T. From the measurement results, it is clear that the influence of nanorods is large in the vicinity of B||c, but the influence of intrinsic pinning increases in the vicinity of B||ab in any sample. It was also found that oxygen deficiency affects the size of Jc in either direction. In order to understand the pinning mechanism of these behaviors, pinning energies, self-formation energies and magnetic interactions were modeled from the viewpoint of minimum energy principle, and the pinning arrangement of quantized flux lines was investigated. When Jc was calculated by applying the Lorentz force to this state, it was found that the behaviors of the angular dependent Jc can be explained well. We will report on the modeling of these complex pinning mechanism.

Speaker: Prof. Kaname Matsumoto (Kyushu Institute of Technology)

10:30 AM M2Or1B-03 [Invited]: Optimizing Vortex-Pinning in Superconducting Wires

Engineered nanoscale defects within REBa2Cu3O7-δ (REBCO) based coated conductors are of great interest for enhancing vortex-pinning, especially in high-applied magnetic fields. We have conducted extensive research to optimize vortex-pinning and enhance Jc via controlled introduction of various types of nanoscale defects ranging from simple rare-earth oxides and Ba-based perovskites to double perovskite rare-earth tantalates and niobates (Ba2RETaO6 and Ba2RENbO6). This talk will provide an overview on how density, morphology, and composition of these engineered nanoscale defects affects vortex-pinning in different temperature, field and angular regimes. Detailed microstructural and superconducting properties coated conductors with these engineered defects will be presented. It will be shown that certain nanodefect configurations that provide the best performance at high-operating temperatures also provide the optimal properties at low operating temperatures out to high-applied magnetic fields. The talk will discuss routes to enhance vortex-pinning in both in-situ films and ex-situ films.

Speaker: Prof. Amit Goyal (University at Buffalo / Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

10:15 AM → 12:30 PM M2Or1C - Thermal Properties, Radiation Effects & Degradation

Conveners: Hyung-Seop Shin (Andong National University), Dr Klaus-Peter Weiss (KIT, Institute for Technical Physics)

10:15 AM M2Or1C-01: Neutron irradiation effect on critical current of Nb3Sn wire under 8 T to 15.5 T at 5 K

Nb3Sn superconducting wires are used for TF coils of ITER. Since fusion neutrons will stream out of a plasma vacuum vessel and reach TF coils, the conductors will be irradiated by the neutrons. The bronze-root Nb3Sn wire and the internal-Sn Nb3Sn wire were neutron irradiated at a fission reactor in Belgium and the critical current of the irradiated samples were evaluated with 15.5 T superconducting magnet and a variable temperature insert at Oarai center of Tohoku University.
The ratio of the critical current of the irradiated (4.9E+22 n/m2, > 0.1 MeV) sample to that of non-irradiated sample, which was manufactured by the bronze process, was evaluated, and it was found that the ratio was almost constant of 1.75 under 8 T to 15.5 T at around 5 K. The result was plotted on the diagram between the current ratio and the neutron fluence. The data obtained at Kyoto University Reactor (KUR) under 6 T at 4.5 K using the bronze-root Nb3Sn wire showed a good agreement with the data in the present study. The change in the critical current is almost constant in the wide magnetic field up to 15.5 T and it shows that the number of pinning site increased as the irradiation defects increased, and that the pinning force would be strengthened by the increased pinning site. The detailed discussion will be presented at the conference.

Speaker: Arata Nishimura (National Institute for Fusion Science)

10:30 AM M2Or1C-02: In-house development of high neutron resisted insulation material for superconducting magnets fusion machines and 77 K, 4.2 K applications

In superconducting magnet system of fusion machines, glass fiber reinforced composite insulation material is the main candidate which is used for insulation material of superconducting magnet coils, Electrical insulation breaks, structural and support material for electrical isolation. Even after blanket shielding, the irradiation effect of neutron, degrades the properties of insulation materials and components which overall effect the performance of fusion reactor. Mechanical properties especially tensile strength and inter laminar strength degraded significantly due to neutron. The composite insulation material consists of boron free S glass and a high toughness two component epoxy resin system have been in-house developed. The components were fabricated from this insulation material which has passed in quality assurance acceptance and operation performance tests. In past, this Insulation material have been irradiated in KAMINI U-233 fuelled Fission Reactor with nominal power 30 kW, the neutron fluence have achieved up to 1.03 x 10E17 n/m2. No degradation was reported during mechanical and electrical performance testing. Further to continue the task for acceptable radiation tolerance limit and ITER design criteria of GFRP insulation material of fast neutron fluence 10E16 to 10E18 n/cm2 an irradiation experiment set up has been designed and the irradiation experiment is under process in Fast Breeder Test Reactor. In this paper, we shall present the mechanical and electrical performance tests as Tensile, Inter laminar shear and electrical breakdown strength as per the ASTM standards, assessment of micro-structure surface degradation before and after irradiation and MCNP simulation for neutron flux, dose and damages in developed insulation material. In-house development and performance of cryogenic components, epoxy resin system for cryogenic applications will also be highlighted.

Speaker: Mr Rajiv Sharma (Institute for Plasma Research)

10:45 AM M2Or1C-03 (Wentao Sun) - Presentation Withdrawn

11:00 AM M2Or1C-04 (Quan Li) - Presentation Withdrawn

11:15 AM M2Or1C-05: Thermal conductivity test of innovative insulation materials for the cryostats of FCC detector solenoids

The Future Circular Collider study (FCC) includes the design of detector magnets for the FCC-ee (electron-positron), covering the energy range 90 to 400 GeV and requiring a 2 T solenoid for particle spectrometry, and for the FCC-hh (proton-proton) with 100 TeV collision energy and a 4 T detector solenoid. For both solenoids and their cryostats, CERN is developing an innovative and challenging design by which the solenoids are positioned inside the calorimeters, directly surrounding the inner tracker. For this purpose the cryostat must be optimized to achieve minimum radiation length. It is structured as a sandwich of thinnest possible metallic shells for achieving vacuum tightness, supported by layers of lowest density and radiation transparent insulation material providing sufficient mechanical resistance and lowest thermal conductivity.
In this respect, thermal and mechanical analysis of innovative insulation materials are currently being carried out. The first material of interest, Cryogel Z, is a flexible composite blanket, which combines silica aerogel with reinforcing fibers and has a density of 160 kg/m3. It allows a 4 m bore, 6 m long FCC-ee detector solenoid cryostat with a total thickness of 250 mm, a heat load less than 400 W on the cold mass and 10 kW on the thermal shield.
An alternative would be using glass spheres dispersed in between the thin-walls of the vacuum vessel providing support. An option is type K1 with a 65 μm diameter glass spheres manufactured by 3M with a density of 125 kg/m3. It is crucial to investigate the low temperature mechanical and thermal properties of these materials, some of which have not been thoroughly examined yet. CERN has designed and manufactured a large-sample setup for testing the materials’ thermal conductivity and compressive behavior under vacuum. We outline the setup and present the first cryogenic test results on these materials.

Speaker: Veronica Ilardi (Twente Technical University (NL))

20190722-Ilardi-Oral CEC-ICMC2019-Cryogel-v2(htk).pdf

11:30 AM M2Or1C-06: Experimental characterization of copper-to-copper thermal contact resistance below 50 K.

We present the measured thermal resistance of copper-to-copper interfaces with several intermediate contact-enhancing materials as a function of temperature and pressure. Devices such as superconducting coils are increasingly being operated conduction-cooled, with a cryo-cooler acting as a drain for heat loads. The interface with the cooler typically involves at least one clamped connection to a copper cold-head, while often the system’s cold bus also relies on several of these copper-to-copper links. Unavoidably, each connection introduces extra thermal resistance. If they are not properly designed, the corresponding temperature drops across these interfaces can be significant and may even determine the operational limits of the device.
Proper design hence relies on the availability of a comprehensive database of thermal contact resistance values, measured under well-defined conditions. Although literature data are available for different material combinations and interface types, values strongly depend on parameters that are sometimes poorly described. The contact pressure and its distribution, temperature, material hardness and surface roughness are the main parameters that may influence the value of the thermal contact resistance. In addition, clamped connections are usually not made between bare surfaces, but with thermal grease or indium wire/sheet in-between to improve the effective surface area.
In this paper, the thermal contact resistance of clamped copper-copper connections is measured under steady-state conditions for increasing clamping force, temperature (4.2 K – 50 K) and intermediate material (indium wire, thermal grease and silver-loaded grease). To evaluate the reproducibility, all measurements are repeated several times, each time replacing the copper pieces (ETP copper wafers) with new ones and quantifying their roughness with a surface profiler. Also possible effects of stress concentration in the bolted clamping connection between two plates is investigated.

Speaker: Goncalo Tomas (University of Twente)

Cu-Al_TCR_online.pdf

11:45 AM M2Or1C-07: Thermal Properties of Isocyanate Derived Organic Aerogels for Cryogenic Insulation Applications

G. Churu1, J. A. Demko1 , A. Mole1, R. C. Duckworth2, H. Lu3, S. Malakooti3, N. Leventis4
1LeTourneau University, 2100 South Mobberly Avenue, Longview, TX 75607 USA
2Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 3783, USA
3The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
4Missouri University of Science and Tecnology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA

The use and storage of cryogens such as liquefied nitrogen, helium, hydrogen among others requires reliable and efficient thermal insulation systems. Passive insulation from high performance materials that are well-known for their inherent low thermal conductivity would reduce the overall costs involved in design, manufacture and maintenance of such systems. One such class of materials is referred to as aerogels, and it is known for their low density, high mesoporosity, high surface areas, low thermal conductivity and high acoustic impedance. Aerogels were invented by S.S. Kistler in 1931 and the most common type are those made of silica. However, the inherent fragility of silica aerogels makes them hard to mass produce, and therefore applications have been limited. A major breakthrough was introduced by our team almost 20 years ago with the invention of polymer crosslinked silica aerogels. Those materials shifted attention to all-polymer aerogels that have overcome all fragility issues associated with their inorganic counterparts. This study focuses on such polymeric aerogels that can be mass produced as large monoliths while maintaining the low thermal conductivity of traditional silica aerogels over a wide temperature range. Manufacturing flexibility of polymeric aerogels allows fabrication of blocks and sheets that can be applied in various configurations to insulate cryogenic and superconducting devices. Thermal conductivity properties between room temperature and 80 K are reported as well as other properties (mechanical and electrical), that need to be considered when designing devices for cryogenic applications.

E-mail: gitigochuru@letu.edu

Speaker: Prof. Jonathan Demko (LeTourneau University)

12:00 PM M2Or1C-08: The low temperature thermal expansion of materials used for superconducting magnets

Although the low temperature thermal expansion properties of quite a few materials have been reported in the literature, the need for the confirmation of the relatively sparse data and the generation of new data for different and new materials is needed. Here we report thermal expansion measurement data on an array of materials ranging from neat resins to high strength super-alloys as well as composite superconductors. The thermal expansion (or contraction) is measured from the reference temperature of 293 K to 4 K (liquid helium temperature) using a classic tube type dilatometer. The dilatometer is capable of testing two bulk material specimens (about 50 mm long with 20 to 40 square mm cross section) at a time. The instrument is calibrated with tests on OFHC Copper reference material and the measurement accuracy is estimated to be 1 to 2 %. Tests are conducted by warming the sample from 4 K to 293 K, the thermal cycle is repeated a minimum of 3 times on each material to generate a trustworthy thermal expansion vs temperature curve. Interesting results are presented for the low thermal expansion material Invar along with data for high expansion materials such as Teflon. The data for two common superconducting magnet impregnation epoxies (NMHFL 61 and DGBEF/anhybride used for the ITER Central Solenoids) are also presented.

Speaker: Kyle Radcliff (National High Field Magnetic Lavatory)

[M2Or1C-08]The low temperature thermal expansion of materials used.pdf

[M2Or1C-08]The low temperature thermal expansion of materials used.pptx

12:15 PM M2Or1C-09: Macrofl¬ash Apparatus and Boiloff Calorimetry Method for the Measurement of Heat Transmission through Materials

The Macroflash instrument is a flat plate boiloff calorimeter that provides effective thermal conductivity (ke) data for a wide range of materials from thermal insulation to structural composites to ceramics. This device has become an indispensable tool for NASA researchers in recent years. The apparatus and method provide a practical, standardized approach to measure heat transmission through materials under steady-state conditions at below-ambient temperatures and under different compressive loads. In addition, a unique feature of a Macroflash calorimeter is that provides data at both large and small temperature differences. Using liquid nitrogen boiloff calorimetry to directly measure the heat flow rate, the device is applicable to testing under an ambient pressure environment at a wide range of temperatures, from 77 K to 373 K. Test specimens may be isotropic or non-isotropic; homogeneous or non-homogeneous; single-layer or multi-layer. The Macro¬flash is currently calibrated in the range from approximately 10 mW/m-K to 1,000 mW/m-K using reference data for well-characterized materials. Test data for hundreds of test specimens including foams, powders, aerogels, plastics, composites, carbon composites, wood, glass, ceramic, metal, and multi-layered composites have been compiled from Macroflash testing. The Macroflash apparatus is described and its operation, instrumentation, and control system discussed. The calibration approach is detailed as well as analysis of key data sets of standard materials.

Speaker: James Fesmire (NASA)

2019 CEC Hartford Macroflash Materials Test Instrument 23Jul2019.pdf

2019 CEC Hartford - Macroflash poster 13Jul2019.pdf

11:00 AM → 12:15 PM C2Or1A - Large Scale Systems III

Conveners: Andrew Dalesandro (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Joel Fuerst (SLAC)

11:00 AM C2Or1A-01: Design status of the ESS cryogenic moderator system

The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) is going to provide long-pulsed cold and thermal neutron fluxes at very high brightness. They are produced by a linear proton accelerator with an average beam power of 5 MW, which is directed onto a tungsten target at a pulsed repetition rate of 14 Hz.
Two cryogenic hydrogen moderators, to which subcooled liquid hydrogen is supplied at 17 K and 11 bar, are designed to cool high-energy neutrons down to cold neutrons. At 5 MW proton beam power, an estimated nuclear heating of 6.7 kW is generated in the moderators. The Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) has been designed to satisfy the ESS goals of providing high quality cold neutrons for science. The subcooled liquid hydrogen is circulated by two pumps arranged in series with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s, to maintain the average temperature rise over each moderator below 3 K. The total heat load of 12.6 kW, including a static heat load of 5.9 kW on top of the nuclear heating of 6.7 kW, is removed through a helium-hydrogen plate fin heat exchanger by a helium refrigerator with a cooling capacity of 30.2 kW at 15 K, which is called the Target Moderator Cryoplant (TMCP). The ESS moderator vessel is optimized for maximum cold neutron brightness and pure parahydrogen, requiring a para concentration of > 99.5 %. To achieve this, an ortho-para hydrogen convertor is included into the loop and an online para-hydrogen measurement system is also integrated. The pressure fluctuation of the CMS caused by the abrupt nuclear heating will be mitigated using a pressure control buffer with a volume of 65 l. The fabrication, installation and commissioning will be completed by October 2021 to accomplish beam-on-target in 2022.

Speaker: Dr Hideki Tatsumoto (European Spallation Source ERIC)

11:15 AM C2Or1A-02: Survey of Magnet Designs Developed for the Future Circular Collider Detectors

Since 2014 a conceptual design study is ongoing at CERN for defining Detector Magnets for the Future Circular Collider. A new 100 km circular collider is foreseen whereby collision products are probed by new particle detectors. Magnet variants were optimized for the case of electron-positron (ee), electron-hadron (eh) and hadron-hadron collisions (hh) detectors. This year 2019 the conceptual design reports covering these designs are published and includes the baseline designs for the various Detectors.
For FCC-ee detectors two variants were defined: a 7.6 m bore and 7.9 m long classical 2 T / 600 MJ superconducting solenoid surrounding the calorimeter; and a very challenging 4 m bore, 6 m long, ultra-thin and radiation transparent 2 T / 170 MJ superconducting solenoid surrounding the tracker only.
For FCC-eh, the detector solenoid is combined with a dipole magnet required for guiding the electron beam in and out the collision point. The detector magnet in this case features a 3.5 T / 230 MJ, 2.6 m free bore and 9.2 m long superconducting solenoid.
Most demanding is the FCC-hh detector requiring a 14 GJ magnet system of three series connected solenoids. A 4 T superconducting main solenoid with 10 m free bore, 20 m long, is in line with two 3.2 T superconducting forward solenoids with 5.1 m free bore, 4 m long.
The detector magnets proposed need further engineering in the years to come. The conductor technology though, is common to all solenoids and shows NbTi/Cu strands based Rutherford cables, stabilized with Ni doped pure Al and eventually structurally reinforced by Al allow. The cold masses are conduction cooled. The various magnets are presented and the engineering challenges highlighted.

Speaker: Herman Ten Kate (CERN)

20190723-TenKate-Oral CEC-ICMC2019-FCC-Detector-Magnets.pdf

11:30 AM C2Or1A-03: Considerations for System level Design Optimization for Power Systems with Multiple Superconducting Devices

Superconducting power devices offer a high ampacity and power dense solution for power systems of terrestrial electrical power grid, electric aircrafts and electric ships. High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) technology allows to conveniently vary the power loadings by varying the operating temperatures. The deeply coupled electrical, thermal, and magnetic field relationships of superconducting devices offer additional design options, but also create new constraints for superconducting power devices, compared to conventional devices. Optimizing just one operating parameter of a superconducting power device such as current, voltage, magnetic field, temperature, or pressure might inadvertently ignore the system level opportunities and constraints. Besides, in aircrafts and ships with multiple superconducting devices with integrated power and cryogenic systems, it is particularly important to consider operating temperatures of individual devices in the system that make sense at system level. This is especially true when gaseous cryogens are use the cooling media as they allow for larger operating temperature and pressure ranges compared to liquid cryogens. The larger operating ranges also creates additional complexities in understanding and developing the permissible temperature or pressure gradients for the system.

This paper discusses how the operating parameters of superconducting devices such as current, voltage, temperature, and pressure can influence power ratings, cryogenic system efficiency, and capital and operating costs of the overall system. The use of thermal network models developed in our previous to establish the design and operating for achieving system level efficiency when multiple superconducting devices are cooled within a single cryogenic helium gas circulation loop.

Speaker: Ms Delaney Freeman (Florida State University)

11:45 AM C2Or1A-04: Options for the PolFEL Cryogenic System

The Polish Free Electron Laser facility (PolFEL) is currently under development at the National Center for Nuclear Research in Swierk, Poland, by consortium of eight Polish scientific institutions and two industrial partners. In the first stage, this fully superconducting linear electron accelerator will consist of an electron gun and four RI-HZDR type cryomodules, each housing two 9-cell superconducting TESLA RF cavities. Such a configuration allows the generation of a continuous wave and long pulse beam with 5-50 MeV of energy and a coherent radiation length of 6 μm. In the second stage, the PolFEL will be extended with two cryomodules, which will increase the beam energy up to 800 MeV and reduce the coherent radiation length to less than 10 nm.
At the current phase of the project, two operation temperatures of the RF cavities are considered: 2.0K and 1.8K. For both of the operation temperature cases, static and dynamic loads to the linac are estimated to be 40W and 180W for the 1st stage, while for the 2nd stage, 52W and 260W, respectively. The cooling power will be generated by the TCF50 Liner helium plant, which was donated by the STFC in Daresbury, UK, after the ERP project was shut down. This helium plant has a liquefaction capacity of 6 g/s and 118W@4.5K of cooling power. During the beam-on operation mode of the linac a shortage of cooling power will be compensated by liquid helium from an external dewar, while the warm helium gas stream exceeding the liquefaction capacity will be collected in pressurized storage tanks. During the beam-off mode, the helium gas will be recovered from the storage tanks and re-liquefied to the external dewar.
This paper presents a detailed description of the PolFEL cryogenic system and provides calculations for the sizing of the system’s components for two options in the temperature of operation.

Speaker: Dr Jaroslaw Polinski (Wroclaw University of Technology)

12:00 PM C2Or1A-05: Experimental Investigations on the Cold Recovery-Efficiency of a Packed-bed in a Cryogenic Energy Storage System

Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) system has large power generation capability, and comparable cost with respect to the non-cryogenic technologies (pumped-hydro, compressed air energy storage systems) while not being location specific unlike the non-cryogenic energy storage systems. It also is environment friendly. High-energy requirement for liquefaction process in the CES system, however, leads to low turnaround efficiency of the system. Efforts have been made to reduce the specific work-requirement in the liquefaction process by thermal energy storage at temperature below 100 K as available during power generation stage of the system. One of the methods of storing the thermal energy at such low temperature is using packed-bed of pebbles. A few studies have been reported in the open literature that indicated a reduction in storage efficiency during continuous operation of such packed-beds that would reduce the turnaround efficiency of the CES system. Therefore, in the present paper, experimental findings would be reported to get better insight into the packed bed behavior that dictate the turnaround efficiency. An experimental setup of packed-bed thermal energy storage has been built using granite pebbles as bed material for this purpose. The setup includes a double walled, vacuum insulated vessel filled with granite pebbles. The cool-down operations have been performed using air/nitrogen at 100 K. The bed has been warmed up by flowing air/nitrogen through it. Both these processes have been repeated several times to determine the thermocline behavior in both axial and radial directions inside the bed. The results will help in understanding the heat transfer inside the bed at cryogenic temperature.

Speaker: Prof. Pavitra Sandilya (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India-721302)

PPT-Dutta V1.0.pdf

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM C2Or1B - Non-Aerospace Applications

Conveners: Peter Bradley (NIST), John Pfotenhauer (Adviser, second author)

11:00 AM C2Or1B-01: Development of a Helium recondensing cryostat

The present paper illustrates a case study in the progress of ongoing research work to develope a 100 litre Helium cryostat with in-situ recondensing facility.The cryostat with a cryocooler sock comprises of 46 components assembled in an optimal sequence. Cryostat development involved thermal load estimation, mechanical design, fabrication of components and sub-assemblies. The cryostat deploys a two stage Gifford McMahon cryocooler with appropriate cooling capacities available on I and II stage.The thermal load due to cryostat assembly is estimated as 34 W and 300 mW for I and II stage of cryocooler respectively. Experimental trials are conducted for testing of cryostat with recondensing cryocooler.The first no load trial in vacuum produced unsatisfactory results. Appropriate modifications are carried out in the assembly which resulted in no load temperatures of 51.95 K on I stage and 3.43 K on II stage. At heater load of 0.448 W, the II stage attained temperature of 4.21 K with I stage temperature stabilized at 52.47 K without any heater load on I stage. Temperature increased from 51.95 K to 52.47 K for I stage showing 0.448 W cooling capacity available at II stage for recondensation at 1 bar pressure. The paper highlights these modifications towards successful development of Helium recondensing cryostat.

Speaker: Prof. Shridhar Bapat (Mechanical Engineering Dept., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)

C2Or1B-01 Development of a Helium Recondensing Cryostat.pdf

11:15 AM C2Or1B-02 (Chao Wang) - Presentation Withdrawn

11:30 AM C2Or1B-03: 30K to subK vibration free remote cooling systems

Absolut System has built a 30K and a 10 K remote Helium cooling loops used as vibration free cooling source, respectively for IR detectors electro-optical characterization test bench and two-stage optical cryostat.

The circulation loops are based on a by-passed flowrate from either a two-stage Gifford–MacMahon cryocooler or a two-stage Pulse Tube cryocooler. Dedicated compact and high efficiency tubes & shell heat exchangers have been designed and produced for the recuperators.

The paper describes the design and the performances of the vibration free cooling system produced. The current work towards a 4K vibration cooling source and its coupling with a subK stage will be introduced as well.

Speaker: Mr Thierry Trollier (Absolut System)

11:45 AM C2Or1B-04: Cryopump specific designs and realizations for electrical propulsion test benches

This paper will present the methodology developed by Absolut System for the design and optimization of high capacity cryopumps required for the testing and qualification of electrical propulsion thrusters.

Design, production and tests of a complete test chamber will be presented, including the LN2 feed thermal shrouds and the cold traps thermally anchored to a single stage AL230 type Gifford-Mahon (Cryomech) cold head.

On-going design of a test chamber will be introduced, using closed cycle LN2 from PTC1000 type Pulse Tube recondenser (AFCryo) for the thermal shrouds and remote Helium cooling loop based on a single stage AL325 type Gifford-Mahon (Cryomech) for the cold traps.

Speaker: Thierry Trollier (Absolut System)

12:00 PM C2Or1B-05: Load Map of Sumitomo 415DP Cryocooler in the Temperature Range of 40-400K

In the last 20 years, 2-stage cryocoolers have been found to provide an optimum solution for a wide range of applications like low temperature physics, superconducting cold electronics, cryopumping and superconducting magnets. For a proper design of helium cryostats with significant cold masses connected to the first and second stages of cryocoolers, it is important to have a load map (also called “working field”) in order to estimate cool-down and warm-up time periods. Such load maps are either not presented in the open literature sources for “high” temperature ranges, or just given by manufacturing companies for general information but without any guarantee. In the present paper, the load map of a 2-stage Sumitomo 415DP cryocooler in the wide temperature range of 40-400 K is presented.

Speakers: Dr Sergiy Putselyk (Fraunhofer FHR), Mr Thomas Wirths (Fraunhofer FHR)

2019-06-17_CEC.pdf

12:15 PM C2Or1B-06: AFCryo large scale refrigeration, liquefaction and remote cooling system portfolio

AFCryo is a joint venture company between Fabrum Solutions, of New Zealand, and Absolut System, of France specialising in the development and delivery of cryogenic equipment utilising patented membrane cryocooler technology.
A commercial product range has been developed over the last 5 years using an innovative concept of a metallic membrane Pressure Wave Generator (PWG) patented by Callaghan Innovation (New Zealand) coupled with high reliability Pulse Tube cold heads.

In addition to the Pulse tube cold heads technology, the product range is increasing with high reliability flexure bearing Stirling cold heads. This technology is complementary with the existing PWG cryocoolers and offers the ability to extend our product range capability.

This paper presents the latest performances of the commercial products, the new products under development with a focus on the performance of these products when integrated into remote cooling systems using gas circulation loops.

Speaker: Mr Julien Tanchon (AFCryo)

11:00 AM → 11:45 AM C2Or1C - Non-Aerospace VM and Thermoacoustic Cryocoolers

Conveners: Peter Kittel (Retired), Ray Radebaugh (NIST)

11:00 AM C2Or1C-01: Numerical investigation of the efficiency potential of a cryogen-free VM type pulse tube cooler

Vuilleumier (VM) type pulse tube cooler is a novel kind of cryocooler to obtain liquid helium temperature which had been experimentally verified. However, the efficiency is not satisfying. Based on previous work on a low pressure ratio system, a numerical investigation that explore the effect of high pressure ratios on refrigeration performance is presented in this paper. The research system is a cryogen-free in which a Stirling type pulse tube cooler is used to provide the cooling power required for the thermal compressor and offers adjustable pre-cooling temperature for optimum efficiency. Firstly, by increasing the displacer swept volume to increase the pressure ratio, the dimensions of main components were optimized with the lowest no-load temperature as the optimization target. Then the dependence of system performance on average pressure, frequency and pre-cooling temperature were studied. Finally, the effect of pre-cooling temperature on overall cooling efficiency at 5 K was studied. Compared with the previous low efficiency under low pressure ratio, a higher relative Carrot efficiency of 1.05% was predicted with an average pressure of 2.5 MPa, a frequency of 3 Hz and pressure ratio of 1.89. Further optimization is underway.

Speaker: Prof. Wei Dai (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM M2Or2A - Transportation Symposium: Transportation Motors I

Conveners: Rod Badcock (Victoria University of Wellington), Kiruba Haran (University of Illinois)

11:00 AM M2Or2A-01 [Invited]: Design of MW-Design of MW-Class Industrial Motors by AMSC

Superconducting machines are attractive for several industries; electric power utilities and industrial applications prefer higher efficiency and ease of operation; aerospace applications like compact lightweight and attractive efficiency; and wind-farm applications want high-efficiency, compact and lightweight generators.
Conventional machines are constrained to operate within saturation limit of iron core. However, HTS excitation windings generate high magnetic fields which easily saturate the iron and therefore, no iron is used. The absence of iron enables operate of the stator windings at much higher fields, which facilitate more compact lightweight designs for the HTS machines. In industrial and utility settings, efficiency is the most desirable feature. Replacing copper with HTS in the excitation winding leads to an efficiency gain of 1% or more. This feature provided impetus for developing 1000 HP and 5000 HP motors tested during 2000-01.
Industrial and utility machines operate synchronously with the electric grid at a fixed frequency. The dynamic stability of such machines is very importance. A conventional machine, with characteristically high synchronousness reactance, requires dynamic control of field excitation to stay within safe operating region. Most synchronous machines are operated by over-exciting the field winding for absorbing reactive power of the electric grid. However, during lightly loaded conditions, system reactive load becomes low and the machine is operated in under excitation mode for generating reactive power. But, internal heating of iron core usually allows operation at a very small fraction of the rated load capability. However, HTS machines employing no magnetic iron have characteristically low synchronous reactance, which enables operation in under-excited or over-excited regimes up to the rated load capability. This characteristic makes the HTS machines very attractive for operation as dynamic condenser on an electric grid. This feature encouraged AMSC to develop 8 MVAR synchronous condenser that was operated on the TVA electric grid for a year (11/2004-11/2005) next to an arc-furnace for voltage stabilization.
This talk covers experiences of designing, building and testing these machines and highlights lessons learned.

Speaker: Dr Swarn Kalsi (Kalsi Green Power Systems)

Industrial-Motors-20190715.pdf

Industrial-Motors-20190715.pdf

11:30 AM M2Or2A-02 [Invited]: Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC

Because of low rotational speed, conventional ship propulsion motors are characteristically large, heavy and have poor efficiency. For direct drive propulsors, the drive motor is in line with the propulsor located at bottom of the ship hull. The V-shape hull usually has limited space for drive motors. Because of this, multiple motors are employed in line to drive a propulsor. Compared to conventional motors, superconducting motors could be 5-6 times smaller and lighter than conventional motor with better overall efficiency. Also compared with a permanent magnet motors, the superconducting motors are 2-3 time more compact and lighter with option to turn off field excitation in event of an internal fault in the stator winding. During the late 1990’s, lighter and more compact sub-systems capable of fitting in constricted space on naval ships were sought. Potentially attractive features of superconducting motors encouraged building a single motor capable of fitting within the available space in the hull. To assess suitability of superconducting motors, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded AMSC to develop a sub-scale demonstrator (5 MW, 230 RPM) motor. This motor was built with 6-poles with High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) excitation coils and conventional copper stator – no magnetic iron was used inside the machine. Following extensive factory testing, the motor was delivered to ONR in 2003. Later full-load testing was conducted on behalf of the U.S. Navy at the Florida State University in 2004. The motor met or exceeded all design goals. The successful testing of this motor led ONR to award AMSC to build a full-size 36.5 MW, 120 RPM motor. It was successfully tested to full-load at the Philadelphia Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in 2008. This machine established a record of being the largest motor ever built in a single frame - this record has not been surpassed yet. The machine still resides at the NSWC-Philly.
This talk covers experiences of designing, building and testing these machines and highlights lessons learned.

Speaker: Swarn Kalsi (Retired)

Navy_Motors-20190715.pdf

12:00 PM M2Or2A-03 [Invited]: Development of fully superconducting synchronous rotating machines for e-aircrafts

Fully turbo-electric propulsion systems for e-aircrafts need fully superconducting generators and motors with lightweight, compactness and high efficiency. High stability and reliability are also required for safety. That forces us to utilize HTS tapes which can operate in liquid nitrogen. The most important issue to realize them is the AC loss reduction of the armature windings. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that the AC loss of superconducting transformers with REBCO tapes was reduced by scribing the tapes into a multifilamentary structure. In this study, it was first verified that this AC loss reduction technique was applicable to the armature windings of rotating machines. Branch current of each filament was observed with Rogowski coils and the uniform current distribution among the filaments was confirmed. It suggests that no coupling current among the filaments was induced and then the produced AC loss is only hysteresis loss inside the filaments. Next the conceptual design of various kinds of fully superconducting 10 MW generators and 2 MW motors were carried out with magnetic field at the gap, rotaing speed and so on as a parameter by taking into account of the Ic-B-T characteristics of REBCO superconducting tapes. The armature winding was cooled with subcooled LN2 at 65 to 70 K. The superconducting rotor was cooled by He gas which was enclosed in the casing and cooled through the inner wall of the armature vessel. The electromagnetic properties of the generators and motors were investigated and compared with each other by making a numerical simulation by using JMAG. By using the calculated magnetic field distribution and the observed AC losses of short sample tapes, the AC losses in the armature and also field windings were evaluated. In addition, a small test fully superconducting motot was fabricated and tested. We will report the details.

Speaker: Prof. Takashi Yoshida (Kyushu University)

11:00 AM → 12:30 PM M2Or2B - Focus Series B: REBCO Flux Pinning II

Conveners: Amit Goyal (University at Buffalo), Kaname Matsumoto (Kyushu Institute of Technology)

11:00 AM M2Or2B-01 [Invited]: Improvement of In-field Performance of Coated Conductors in Liquid Nitrogen

Coated conductors have high potentials for the wide application field especially in a magnetic field at high temperature. Recently, an electric propulsion system for aircraft using superconducting technologies has been considered to aim a high power density. In our design of the system, the superconducting generators and motors are connected by the superconducting cables. In this system, the liquid nitrogen is poured through all devices in series. The temperature has to be rising from 65 K of the initial temperature. Therefore, the high in-field performance at high temperature over 65 K is required.
The APC (Artificial Pinning Center)-control technologies to improve the in-field performances has been developed both in the PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) and the TFA-MOD (Metal Organic Deposition) processes on the IBAD (Ion-Beam Assisted Deposition) template. In the PLD films, a heavy doping BMO (BaMOx, M: metal element) nano-rods has been attempted. The optimization of growth conditions to avoid the Tc-deterioration and anneal ones to inject enough oxygen gave us the higher in-field Jc value such as 2.9 and 1.4 MA/cm2 at 65 and 70 K, 3 T, respectively. On the other hand, a new TFA-MOD process, which is called as the UTOC (Ultra-Thin Once Coating) -MOD, was developed to make the BMO nano-particles finer. In this process, the once coating thickness is reduced and it makes the diffusion barrier to suppress the growth of the APC particles. As a result, the extremely high Jc values of 2.9 and 1.9 MA/cm2 at 65 and 70 K, 3 T were obtained, respectively. The remarkable progress in both films was achieved and these ought to lead to the aircraft applications.
A part of this work has been supported by METI, NEDO, AMED.

Speaker: Dr Teruo Izumi (Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST))

11:30 AM M2Or2B-02 [Invited]: Controllable generation of strong and isotropic artificial pinning centers in YBCO films

Raising critical current density Jc in high temperature superconductors (HTS), such as YBa2Cu3O7, is an important strategy towards commercial applications. Development of strong nanoscale artificial pinning centers (APCs) in APC/YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposites represents one of the most exciting progress in recent HTS material research. Significantly raised in-field Jc has been demonstrated in APC/YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposites. Among other processes, strain-mediated self-organization has been explored extensively for in situ formation of the APCs of a large variety of materials. The effort in controlling the pinning landscape, prompted by the initial success in self-assembly of APCs, has led to a fundamental question on how strains interact at microscopic scales in determining the morphology, concentration, and pinning efficiency of APCs. Answering this question is the key to enable optimal APC landscape to be achieved in APC/YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposites. The talk intends to highlight some recent progress made in controllable generation of APCs using an interactive modeling-synthesis-characterization approach. Emphasis will be given to the understanding on the collective effect of strain field on the morphology, concentration and pinning efficiency of single-/double-doped APCs in the APC/YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposite films.

Speaker: Prof. Judy Wu (University of Kansas)

12:00 PM M2Or2B-03 [Invited]: Historical Review of Flux Pinning of (Y,RE)-Ba-Cu-O Coated Conductors, and Impact on Power Device Performance

Artificial pinning centers (APCs) of varying types and nano-scale size have been successfully introduced into (Y,RE)Ba2Cu3O7-x ((Y,RE)BCO or Y-RE-Ba-Cu-O) thin film superconductors by different processing methods, in order to strongly pin the quantized vortices. As a result, the critical current densities (Jcs) of these high-temperature-superconductor (HTS) films have been dramatically improved, for a wide landscape of temperature from 4.2K to 85K, applied magnetic fields B = 0T to 33T, and B-field orientation θ = 0 to 90°. A number of high quality reviews of this large field have been published, that describe progress in the fundamental sciences and pseudo-empirical approaches to improving Jc(B,T,θ) properties. This review focuses on two different subtopics: i) plotting historical progress world-wide since 1995 in improving Jc(B,T) and whole-wire engineering current density Je(B,T) properties, by data-mining the 80+ highest cited papers in the field, and ii) showing how improvements of Je(B,T) can have significant impact to improve the performance and capabilities of high power devices and applications. From this review, it easier to identify the best APC flux pinning systems, and understand the relative lack of published studies for the full Jc(B,T,θ) landscape, and especially for T < 50K and -30° ≤ θ ≤ 120° for select (B,T) values. It is shown that improving flux pinning at all operation temperatures of 4K to 77K contributes to enabling devices to operate at dramatically increasing higher temperatures, which can significantly reduce system cost-size-weight-and-power (C-SWaP). The reduction of C-SWaP is not only beneficial, but can sometimes be critical to enable operation or completely new capabilities, and open up new technologies and markets.

Acknowledgements: Support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and LRIR #18RQCOR100, and the Aerospace Systems Directorate (AFRL/RQ)

Speaker: Timothy Haugan (U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory)

12:30 PM → 1:30 PM Lunch (on your own)

1:30 PM → 3:30 PM C2Po2A - Test Facilities

Conveners: Michael Green (LBNL), Roger Jon Rabehl (Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (US))

1:30 PM C2Po2A-02 [24]: Performance of the Helium Cryogenic Subcooled Testing Platform

The Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIPP) has completed the manufacturing and testing of the helium cryogenic subcooled testing platform (CSTP). The CSTP system mainly as a distribution system and testing platform for some key cyrogenic equipment, such as the cold compressor (CC), helium pump, venturi flow meter, etc. This paper describes the CSTP system and performance test results at CASIPP.

Speakers: Mr Anyi Cheng, Mrs Zhiwei Zhou, Mr Qiyong Zhang

1:30 PM C2Po2A-03 [23]: Design and Commissioning of a 700W@3K sub-cooled helium test facility

In order to increase the magnetic field and temperature margin of superconducting magnets, a test facility of a 700W@3K sub-cooled helium was proposed to decrease the operation temperature from the 4.5K saturated helium to the 3K sub-cooled helium. The process flow of 3K sub-cooled helium test facility has been designed with two cold compressors arranged in series to provide 700W@3K sub-cooled helium by decompressing of saturated liquid helium from 1.2 bar to 24kPa. This 3K sub-cooled test facility has been constructed and operated successfully to cool the 4.5K saturated helium to the 3K sub-cooled helium. The commissioning results indicated that this test facility could provide 760W@3K sub-cooled helium. The start-up process and steady-state operations of this 3K sub-cooled helium test facility were introduced, descripting with the experiment data. The thermodynamic parameters and performances of these two cold compressors were analysed and compared with the designed values in a good agreement. The rotation speeds and vibrations during the transient state and stable state running were also analysed.

Speaker: Dr XiaoFei Lu (Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences)

1:30 PM C2Po2A-04 [22]: Control and Commissioning of a Subcooled Helium Cryogenic Testing Platform with Cold Compressors

The subcooled helium cryogenic testing platform with cold compressors has been operated successfully in the end of 2018 at the Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIPP). It is the first subcooled helium cryogenic system based on the cryogenic decompression technique in China, which has been designed and constructed over two years by our own team. The subcooled helium cryogenic testing platform was designed to provide the 4.5K supercritical helium for the helium forced-flow cooling with one helium circulating pump, and provide the 3K subcooled helium with two cold compressors in series. It consists of one 2.5kW@4.5K helium refregeator and one distribution valve box where the helium circulating pump and the cold compressors installed on it. This paper will present the process control flow of the distribution system and the design parameters of two cold compressors. During the commissioning, the startup and stop control flow of the two cold compressors have been determined. And their automatic control was performed within the stable operation area in the performance map. The testing result shows the lowest temperature and pressure of the saturated helium bath, and indicates the subcooled helium system has an equivalent refrigeration power of 700W@3K. The commissioning experience will help the reconstruction of the subcooled helium system for EAST Tokamak in future to enhance the cryogenic stability in higher magnetic field.

Speakers: Dr Zhiwei Zhou (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences), Prof. Qiyong Zhang (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Zhigang Zhu (Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences)

ZhouZW-poster-CEC2019.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2A-05 [21]: Design, procurement, installation and commissioning of the cryogenic infrastructure for a new superconducting RF test facility with beam at CERN.

The High-Luminosity LHC project – HL-LHC aiming at peak luminosity above 5.0*10^34 cm-2.s-1 consists in replacing the matching sections on both sides of the ATLAS and CMS experiments. To complement new focusing quadrupoles, this upgrade considers using the so-called superconducting crab cavities, never operated so far with protons and therefore requiring qualification with beam. To this aim, a new cryogenic infrastructure for a superconducting RF test facility was initiated and recently installed at CERN SPS accelerator in 2018.
From the early studies of heat load and design principles to the successful tests passed during late 2018, this paper describes the main cryogenic requirements for such a test facility, its design challenges, procurement, installation and commissioning up to stable operation of the crab cavities module in superfluid helium at 2 K.

Speaker: Laurent Delprat (CERN)

C2Po2A-05 [21]_SPS_BA6_Cryogenics_Final.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2A-06 [20]: Cryogenic Upgrade of the Helium Central Liquefier and Superconducting Cable & Wire Test Facilities at CERN

The demand for liquid helium (LHe) for users at CERN without dedicated infrastructure is set to increase due to future projects and experiments in the Antiproton Decelerator. LHe is supplied to the users by means of 500-l dewars filled in by the central liquefier (B165) that comprises a cryogenic plant of 100 W @ 4.5 K. In addition, the Superconducting Cable & Wire Test Facility (B163) located nearby will be upgraded to incorporate the forthcoming installation of the new test station FRESCA 2. B163 includes a second cryogenic plant of 100 W @ 4.5 K and a dedicated cryogenic distribution system. To maximize the production of the two cryogenic plants and their ancillary infrastructure, thus improving the subsequent distribution of LHe, a combined cryogenic distribution system has been developed. This system will increase the LHe storage capacity; allow the direct transfer of helium inventory between both facilities and the gravity filling of large capacity trailer dewars in addition to 500-l dewar fleet. This paper details the architecture of the new cryogenic distribution system, the analysis undertaken to define it, the design and specifications of the various components and the schedule of the realization of the project.

Speaker: Olivier Pirotte (CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland)

CEC C2Po2A-06_Poster.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2A-09 [19]: Compact cryogenic test stand for superconducting magnets characterization

A new compact test facility for testing compact superconducting magnets down to 4.2 K using cryogen fluids has been developed at CEA Paris-Saclay. This facility has been constructed to test the solenoid magnets to be produced for the next Soreq particle accelerator (SARAF) project. The magnets are cooled with liquid helium at 4.2 K and the liquid bath can be pressurized up to 2 bars to regulate the temperature of the magnet in working conditions. This facility is able to measure and dissociate the heat loads coming from the magnet and the current leads by flow-metry. The voltage of the solenoids and their current leads are measured using National Instrument devices and monitored with a Labview program to identify and analyze eventual quenchs. The magnetic performance of the magnets are also monitored dynamically with 3D hall probes. Finally more than a dozen of cryogenic temperature sensors are used to characterize the thermal evolution of the magnet and its current leads during the test. This paper presents the compact facility in details and the first results obtained on the magnet prototype.

Speaker: Romain Bruce (CEA Saclay)

Poster_Hartford_BRUCE.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2A-10 [18]: Fermilab Helium Cryogenic Test Facilities

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) has multiple cryogenic test facilities, undertaking testing of superconducting magnets, Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities, SRF cryomodules and other helium cryogenic components. The test areas within Fermilab include: Meson Cryogenic Test facility (Meson), Industrial Building 1 (IB-1), Heavy Assembly Building/Illinois Accelerator Research Center (HAB/IARC), and the Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). Meson and HAB/IARC utilize repurposed Tevatron era reciprocating engine based cryogenic refrigerator systems, whereas CMTF and IB-1 utilize gas bearing turbine based coldboxes. Each of these test areas support the various Fermilab projects and collaborations including the Linear Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II), Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II), High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), and Mu2e. This paper outlines the diverse and extensive cryogenic test capabilities within Fermilab.

Speaker: Mr Joe Hurd (Fermilab)

1:30 PM C2Po2A-11 [17]: Leak detection system for valves at 20 K with a G-M cryocooler

Abstract. Cryogenic valve is widely used in cryogenic systems such as Aerospace propulsion systems and various cryostats. At low temperature, the valve is prone to strength decline, material brittleness and other problems, which easily lead to gas leakage and thus bring security risks. Cryogenic valves must be tested for leakage at low temperature in addition to normal temperature. In this study, a cryogenic leak detection system was established, which meets the test requirements at temperatures around 20K and pressures of 21MPa, and detects the internal and the external leakage of the valve. Compared with the traditional cryogenic leak detection system, this system has the following advantages: The G-M cryocooler was used as the cold source to get rid of the dependence on liquid hydrogen and enhanced the safety performance, meanwhile, this system has the capability of simultaneous testing of five valves and of quick replacement of the valves to save the test time. The heat exchanger structure, cooling time and heat transfer area were optimized.

Speaker: Mr Lv Bingkun (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry，CAS)

1:30 PM → 3:30 PM C2Po2B - Motors and Devices

Conveners: John Brisson (MIT), Wolfgang Stautner (GE Global Research)

1:30 PM C2Po2B-01 [16]: Development of a cryogenic loop heat pipe for space applications

To improve measuring sensitivity of an IR detector in spacecrafts, it should be cooled down to cryogenic temperature in a limited space and zero gravity environment, connected to a cryocooler. For the heat transfer from the sensor to the cryocooler, a cryogenic loop heat pipe (CLHP) can be used due to its efficient heat transfer performance and reliability without using mechanically moving elements.
In this study, thermo-hydraulic design of CLHP is presented to transport heat load of 10 W over 0.5 m distance at the cryogenic temperature less than 150 K from a cryocooler as a heat sink. Nitrogen gas and liquid was used as a working fluid of the CLHP and sintered wicks made by porous nickel were applied for primary and secondary evaporators to generate capillary pressure. Initial start-up was achieved using a secondary evaporator to be used in zero gravity environment. A pressure reduction reservoir (PRR) was also applied considering supercritical start-up from room temperature. After the fabrication of CLHP, it was horizontally installed in a lab-scale space simulation chamber that have a GM-cryocooler to cool the condenser of CLHP in vacuum. Transient thermal behavior was investigated including the supercritical start-up and the operation of secondary loop. The secondary loop moves liquid nitrogen in the condenser to the primary evaporator using the secondary evaporator, which was thermally attached to the condenser. Then, heat transfer performance was evaluated to verify the heat transportation limit using heat load to the primary evaporator.

Acknowledgments
*This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2017M1A3A3A02016566

Speaker: Mr Jaehwan Lee (Changwon National University)

1:30 PM C2Po2B-02 [15]: A study of thermal performance change of cryogenic heat pipes by wick structures for wide range of working fluid filling ratio

In this research the performances of nitrogen cryogenic heat pipes with different wick structures were compared under the condition of a wide range of heat load and several filling ratios. The heat pipes tested are commercially available ones, which are originally designed for room temperature applications using water as a working fluid. For the present research working fluid, water, was replaced by liquid nitrogen. The size of the tubular copper heat pipe is; 6 mm in the outer diameter and 200 mm long. The lengths of the evaporator, the adiabatic and the condenser sections are 15, 120 and 65 mm, respectively. The heat pipe was installed horizontally. Three types of heat pipes, of which wick are axial grooves, sintered metal particles, and the combination of them, were tested for comparing the thermal performance of the heat pipes with different wick structures, which is characterized by the effective thermal resistance. The experimental data of the maximum heat transport capability (Qmax) was compared with theoretical predictions on the basis of the capillary limit for each wick structure. In order to obtain the Qmax data, the heat pipes with different liquid filling ratios were examined. Under high filling ratio condition wide range of heat load was supplied to investigate the variation of the thermal resistance. The thermal behavior in the film boiling and even in the local dry-out states in the case of very large heat input was also examined to investigate the On/Off conductance ratio for the potential application to a heat pipe heat switch. In the On-state of the heat switch, it works as a heat pipe having excellent heat transfer performance, while in the Off-state, it is in the dry-out state having very large thermal resistance because of dry-out state.

Speaker: Mr Ramnarong Wanison (The Graduate University For Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI))

C2Po2B-02[15]-WANISON-CEC2019.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2B-03 [14]: The Theoretical Analysis and Test Technology of the Moving Magnet Linear Motor

The SC100H linear Stirling cryocooler is designed by Kunming Institute of Physics. The characteristics of the magnetic circuit of the moving magnet linear oscillation motor used in SC100H was analyzed by the theoretical and experimental methods. In this study, a theoretical model of the motor was established, and its structure was simplified for easy analysis and calculation. Using the equivalent circuit methods and principle of electromechanical energy conversion, the relationship between the thrust characteristic and relative position of the mover in the motor was analyzed. The thrust characteristics of the motor at different input currents were tested by a tension test system. The results were consistent with that predicted from the theoretical analysis. Taken together, this study provided a good basis for the design and optimization for the structure and operation parameters of the motor.

Speaker: Prof. Ming Xia (Kunming Institute of Physics)

1:30 PM C2Po2B-06 [12]: Design and experimental research of the cryogenic ejector to inject liquid nitrogen

With the development of cryogenics, the demand of cryogenic liquid increases constantly. However, there are some difficulties to control and to adjust the extraction of cryogenic liquid especially for liquid helium. Compared with the immersed pump, the ejector has huge advantages in pumping the cryogenic liquid from cryogenic dewar, like stable operation and simple structure. Considering the similarity between liquid nitrogen and liquid helium and the high cost to conduct the liquid helium experiment, this paper reports a research on the cryogenic ejector in the nitrogen temperature range. The experiment platform customized for liquid nitrogen was set up and the experiment of injection was launched. The nitrogen gas, as the primary flow accelerating in the nozzle, injects the liquid nitrogen at the outlet of nozzle. Two flows blend in the mixing chamber and flow out from the diffuser. Based on the ideal gas assumption and energy conservation, the sound velocity can be derived from two kinds of equations, obtaining the critical condition of primary flow thermal properties. Depending on the properties and previous research experience, the structure of ejector is designed and established, which could effectively inject liquid nitrogen from the cryogenic liquid cylinder. The problems and challenges are analyzed. In conclusion, this paper introduces the design method of cryogenic ejector and builds a liquid nitrogen test instrument. This method makes the extraction of cryogenic liquid more convenient, which is of universal significance for the cryogenic research work.

Speakers: Mr Qiming Jia (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants(Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences),University of Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr Weiping Zhu (State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants(Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences))

Poster.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2B-07 [11]: Influence of Ionizing Radiation on the Design of Cryogenic Valves and Components

In several scientific application, where cryogenics is used to cool down cavities or superconductive magnets, ionizing radiation can occur. Ionizing radiation accelerates the aging process of organic materials and leads to a degradation of semiconductors.
Nonetheless, cryogenic applications in high physics facilities require a precise and reliable control of the flow, the temperature and the pressure. Sensors and valves are thus specified to be able to work in an ionizing radiation environment.
This publication illustrates how the function of cryogenic valves can be guaranteed under radiation conditions (tightness and control accuracy), which are the advantages and the risks of different solutions and how radiation harming must be taken in consideration in the maintenance plan.

Speaker: Mr Guido Consogno (WEKA AG)

1:30 PM C2Po2B-08 [10]: Molecular simulation on adsorption of helium by activated carbon with temperature below 10 K

Adsorption behavior of helium on activated carbon is expected to be used in the regenerator of 4-K class cryocoolers to improve the performance of the refrigerator. Since the amorphous carbon structure based on graphite slice is closer to the actual activated carbon, we use Grand Canonical Monte Carbo (GCMC) method to simulate the adsorption of helium on the amorphous carbon in low temperature. The effects of temperature, pressure, graphite slice’s size and density of amorphous carbon on the concentration of adsorbate will be analyzed.

Speakers: Dr Liubiao Chen (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry，Chinese Academy of Sciences), Prof. Junjie Wang (Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS)

Xi Xiaotong.pdf

1:30 PM → 3:30 PM C2Po2C - Superconducting RF Systems, Power Cables, and Leads II

Conveners: Chanyeop Park (Georgia Tech), Al Zeller (NHMFL, FSU)

1:30 PM C2Po2C-01 [09]: Cryogenics Performance of the Vertical Cryostat for testing ESS-SRF high Beta cavities

A dedicated vertical cryostat has been developed and commissioned at STFC Daresbury Laboratory for qualifying 84 high-beta SRF cavities for the ESS (European Spallation Source). The cryostat is designed to test 3 dressed cavities in horizontal configuration in one cool-down run at 2K. The cavities are cooled with superfluid liquid helium filled into their individual helium jackets. This reduces the liquid helium consumption by more than 70% in comparison with the conventional facilities operational elsewhere. The paper describes the cryogenic system and its performance with detail discussions on the initial results.

Speakers: Mr Shrikant Pattalwar, Dr Andrew May (STFC Daresbury Laboratory)

1:30 PM C2Po2C-02 [08]: Thermal Optimization in Design of Functional Insertion Components for Cryogenic Applications

Various functional insertion components (FIC), directly connecting a cold mass and the ambient environment, are irreplaceable and play crucial technical roles in many superconducting cryogenic applications. However, such components also bring a huge heat leak to the cold mass within the cryostat. The heat leak is usually much greater than that through entire evacuated MLI insulation system and solid support structures combined. Therefore, this situation brings unimaginable challenges not only to the refrigeration loads to be met but also critical aspects of the FIC design in satisfaction of highly restrictive, even contradicting technical functions. The FIC must simultaneously minimize the heat leak provide a large amounts of DC current and RF power to/from the cold mass, as well as provide a reliable ultrahigh vacuum thermal isolation break with strong mechanical stability. Reviewed are the following commonly used FICs: 1) various RF input couplers for transmitting MW-RF power; 2) high DC power current leads for energizing various SC magnets; 3) various high order mode (HOM) couplers for damping unwanted RF energy; 4) instrumentation cable/wire to cold mass; and 5) functional interconnection pipes between cold mass and cryostat. Discussions with tables, charts and figures in the paper will mainly be focused on the methodology of thermal analyses, structure design, choices of materials, and coating/treatment of surfaces facing RF fields. Accomplishments of the cooling techniques for FICs are briefly reviewed including forced flow cryogen cooling, returning cold vapors, and thermal anchors to intermediate temperatures.
Approaches to efficiently minimize the DC current heating, RF surface heating, and heat leak through the solid body of FIC, while reliably providing the technical functions, are systematically discusseded, summarized and compared for select applications from around the world.

Speaker: Prof. Jonathan Demko (LeTOURNEAU University)

1:30 PM C2Po2C-03 [07]: Hydraulic characteristics of liquid nitrogen at the slope section in a concentric HTS cable

High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, hallmarked with high energy density and compact corridor occupation, advanced rapidly in the past decades. In practical operation, it is common that the cable is under a not so straight pathway and slope will make the local cryogen behave against our expectation and hazard the cooling condition. In the paper, we build a detailed slope section model of a concentric HTS cable and give a multi-physics coupling formulation of the model’s fluid, thermal, and structure fields. Numerical solutions of the model are obtained by employing computing fluid dynamics and finite element method. We analyze the flow characteristics, heat transfer performance, and temperature distribution variation of local liquid nitrogen along the slope section and related factors such as slope scale, cryogen velocity, and inlet pressure are all considered. Based on the results obtained in the meticulous model above, we propose a convenient experience-based method to determine the local design parameters in engineering practice.

Speaker: Mr Bangzhu Wang (Beijing Jiaotong University)

1:30 PM C2Po2C-04 [06]: Preliminary design of the electrical feeding devices for the HL LHC superconducting powering

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project aims at upgrading the LHC collider after 2025 to increase its luminosity by about a factor of five. As part of this upgrade, new magnets will require an electrical powering system where the power converters are placed in a newly dug service gallery to shield them from the radiations of the colliding beams. The electrical powering will be ensured via a superconducting line, in MgB2, housed into a flexible cryostat of length up to 140 meters, and carrying currents along diverse circuits between 0.6 kA and 18 kA. At the extremities of the flexible cryostats, electrical interconnection devices allow connecting the superconducting cables to the magnets in the LHC tunnel and to the current leads and power converters in the service galleries. Moreover, the devices ensure a regulated cooling by a vapour mass flow of helium through the continuous powering chain up to 10 g.s-1, at about 1.3 bar, and in the 4.5-17 K temperature range. This paper presents the technical requirements and the preliminary design of the electrical interconnection devices. The operating modes during transient and nominal phases are presented as well as the thermo-mechanical and cryogenic flows layouts. Integration and assembly in the LHC machine are also explained, including specific safety aspects and maintainability requirements.

Speaker: Yann Leclercq (CERN)

PosterEUCAS_2019-v0.2.pdf

1:30 PM C2Po2C-05 [05]: A Cryogenic System for 23 kV-2 kA SFCL with GM Coolers and Inverter Compressors

A cryogenic cooling system is designed for three-phase 23 kV-2 kA superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) under development as an Open R&D Program of KEPCO. The goal of this design is a compact, efficient, and cost-effective cryogenic system as commercial product, based upon our successful long-term operation of distribution level SFCL’s. Three phases of HTS components are immersed in a liquid-nitrogen cryostat and continuously refrigerated by four units of GM coolers. A major issue is how to achieve the intended temperature and pressure around at 78 K and 0.3 MPa under “variable” thermal load, because the actual current level will be well below 2 kA during most of operating hours, and the coolers should be able to cover the full load at 2 kA. The state-of-the-art inverter compressors are employed for the partial load operation of GM coolers by controlling the input power frequency. The cryogenic thermal load is elaborately calculated as a function of operating current, and the inverter frequency is controlled directly by the measured actual current such that the refrigeration can match the partial load. Three pairs of current leads are also designed by taking into account their connections to electrical bushings at the top plate, and full details of drawings are presented for immediate manufacturing.

Speaker: Ho-Myung Chang (Hong Ik University)

1:30 PM C2Po2C-06 [04]: A multi-experiment cryostat for conducting a range of measurements on SRF thin films and cavities

STFC Daresbury Laboratory has an ongoing R&D program for developing superconducting thin film technology for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) acceleration cavities. A number of A15 films has already been deposited at various deposition conditions, with various structure, morphology, and on various substrates. This has created a need to measure a range of superconducting properties of the thin films such as RRR, Tc, first penetration magnetic field, RF surface resistance and Q of the cavities and also the development of associated instrumentation for Low lever RF. A cryocooler based cryostat has been developed to enable these measurements which consists of two independent gas cooled chambers with sample space diameters of 22 and 54 mm, respectively, for operations in the temperature range between 4 and 20 K. The smaller chamber is equipped with a 2-T superconducting magnet and the large chamber is specially designed for measuring magnetic field penetration in planer thin films. The key design feature of the system is that the samples can be changed while the cryocooler is running, increasing the overall measurement throughput. The paper describes the design of the cryostat in detail with initial experimental results.

Speakers: Mr Ninad Pattalwar (STFC Daresbury Laboratory), Mr Shrikant Pattalwar (STFC Daresbury Laboratory)

1:30 PM → 3:30 PM M2Po2A - Thin Films, Artificial Structures, Flux Pinning

Conveners: Carlo Ferdeghini (CNR), Judy Wu (University of Kansas)

1:30 PM M2Po2A-01 [25]: Microstructural Characterization of Tl-1223 Superconducting Thin Films for the CERN Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) Beam Screen

CERN has lately defined the features of the possible next-generation high-energy hadron-hadron collider (FCC-hh): it would be located in a 100 km circumference ring, with a target center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV, achievable through the collision of counter-rotating proton beams with an energy of 50 TeV. Because of their high energy, the proton beams circulating in the accelerator would produce several tens of watts of synchrotron radiation per meter; therefore, a beam screen is necessary in order to prevent this radiation from impinging on the dipole magnets. The beam screen would be kept at 50 K for cryogenic efficiency. Beam stability reasons require to minimize its surface impedance and, in order to guarantee a better performance than copper would allow, the only alternative materials are High Temperature Superconductors: a good candidate is Tl-1223, whose deposition process should be scalable to the size of the FCC-hh components. An important requirement is a high critical current density J_C. In the case of HTS, it is strongly dependent on the grain boundary misalignment and is drastically suppressed if the misorientation angles are too big, i.e. the grains are not well connected. To explore the microstructural features of Tl-1223 thin films deposited on differently processed Ag and SrTiO₃ substrates, we employ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In particular, we investigate the homogeneity of the formed Tl-1223 phase and the grain boundaries misalignment. Furthermore, we relate the analyzed microstructure to the magnetic characterization of the superconducting samples, performed with Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy. The results will help to better understand the potential of the still little-known Thallium based superconductors to advance the FCC design project.
This work is part of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Training Network EASITrain (European Advanced Superconductivity Innovation and Training), funded by the European Union’s H2020 Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 764879.

Speaker: Alice Moros (TU Wien)

1:30 PM M2Po2A-02 [26]: Superconducting Fibers of Fullerene-based Materials

Superconductivity of alkali-metal(A)-doped fullerenes was found in 1991. A-doped fullerides AxC60 [0<x<6] are particularly interesting since their structures and electronic properties are strongly related to the doping carrier concentration. The compound, A3C60, shows superconducting transition at 19K (A=K), 29K (A=Rb) or 33K (A=Cs2Rb). Various types of fullerene-based supramolecular materials have been developed by Miyazawa et al. using a liquid-liquid-interfacial-precipitation (LLIP) technique, so far, such as nanowhiskers (C60NWs), nanosheets, nanowires, and nanotubes. If such a form of C60NWs turns out to be a superconductor, it will be a promising material for superconductive fibers or wires. We have tried to dope alkali metals (K, Rb, Cs2Rb) into the C60NWs for future application to superconducting light fibers. First, superconductivity was observed at 17 K in the K-doped C60NWs heated at 200oC and their superconducting volume fraction reached 80 % in 24 hours. In contrast, K-doped C60 raw material powders showed only 1 % fraction. Such a low superconducting volume fraction in K3C60 superconductors has been reported in previous papers. We believe this difference is caused from nanopores in C60NWs by the LLIP, which assist K-migration in the materials. We report the superconducting properties of our newly synthesized AC60NWs (A=Rb3, Cs2Rb) in comparison to K3C60NWs. The critical current density (Jc) of AxC60NW is estimated over 105A/cm2 up to 5 T using the Bean model in M-H curves. It shows a high Jc in K3.3C60NWs compared to the others. The upper critical field and other superconducting properties will also be reported and discussed. This work is supported by JSPS-KAKENHI program#18K04717.

Speaker: Dr Hiroyuki Takeya (National Institute for Materials Science )

1:30 PM M2Po2A-03 [27]: The issue of induction the superconducting state in selected compressed sulfur and hydrogen systems