With the help of an advanced version of the hadron resonance gas
model we have found remarkable irregularities of relativistic heavy ion
collisions at chemical freeze-out. They include an abrupt change of the
effective number of degrees of freedom at laboratory energies 8.9-11.6
AGeV and plateaus in the collision energy dependence of the entropy per
baryon, pion number per baryon, and a sharp peak in the dimensionless trace anomaly at at chemical freeze-out laboratory energy 11.6 AGeV [1,2]. On the basis of the generalized shock-adiabat model we demonstrate that these observations give evidence for the anomalous thermodynamic properties of the mixed phase at its boundary to the QGP [2]. We argue that the trace anomaly peak and the local minimum of the generalized specific volume observed
at a laboratory energy of 11.6 AGeV provide a signal for the formation of
a mixed phase between the QGP and the hadron phase. This is also supported by an independent meta-analysis [3]: we compare the quality of hadron spectra and multiplicities description from 10 different models in the range of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ from 2.1 GeV to 17.3 GeV and find that at 5-10.8 GeV and above 12 GeV models assuming QGP perform notably better, while at 4.4-4.87 GeV and 10.8-12 GeV QGP models perform as good as purely hadron ones.
Based on these findings, the practical suggestions for the collision energies of the future
experiments on RHIC, NICA and FAIR are formulated.
1. K. A. Bugaev, A. I. Ivanytskyi, et al
Thermodynamically Anomalous Regions As A Mixed Phase Signal, Phys.
Part. Nucl. Lett. 12, 238245 (2015).
2. K. A. Bugaev, A. I. Ivanytskyi, et al
Thermodynamically Anomalous Regions and Possible New Signals of
Mixed Phase Formation, arXiv:1412.0718 [nucl-th].
3. V. A. Kizka, V. S. Trubnikov, K. A. Bugaev and D. R. Oliinychenko, A
possible evidence of the hadron-quark-gluon mixed phase formation in
nuclear collisions, arXiv:1504.06483 [hep-ph].
To facilitate the design of the upgrade and to perform generic R&D necessary for such a novel calorimeter, a compact high-granularity electromagnetic calorimeter prototype has been built. The corresponding R&D studies will be the focus of this presentation. The prototype is a Si/W sampling calorimeter using CMOS sensors of the MIMOSA type with a pixel pitch of 30 μm and binary readout with a total of ~39 million pixels. We will report on performance studies of the prototype with test beams at DESY and CERN in a broad energy range. The results of the measurements demonstrate a very small Molière radius (~11mm) and good linearity of the response. Unique results on the detailed lateral shower shape, which are crucial for the two-shower separation capabilities, will be presented. We will compare the measurements to GEANT-based MC simulations, which additionally include a modeling of charge diffusion. The studies demonstrate the feasibility of this high-granularity technology for use in the proposed detector upgrade. They also show the extremely high potential of this technology for future calorimeter development. Finally, we will briefly discuss the projected performance for measurements of the nuclear modification factor RpPb for forward isolated photons at the LHC.